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Hole Flanging
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rlalonde



Joined: 20 Nov 2006
Posts: 43

PostPosted: Mon Feb 11, 2008 5:34 pm    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

I just finished doing the flanging on the lightening holes on the wing and nose ribs. My dies were made of hardwood.
How much strength are the hole flanges designed for, if any. It seems like the wing ribs are still a bit flimsy. Is there a way to tell if the flanges are made ok.
I really didnt want to make the flanges to big and stress the aluminum in any way. Is there a possibility that my flanges arent (bent/flanged enough) and do not provide the required strenght.??
Thanks in advance for your help.
Ron


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Ron Lendon



Joined: 10 Jan 2006
Posts: 685
Location: Clinton Twp., MI

PostPosted: Mon Feb 11, 2008 8:10 pm    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

If the material, angle, flange length and hole diameter are correct, ya made em right. When the skin gets riveted to them it all gets real strong.

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_________________
Ron Lendon
WW Corvair with Roy's Garage 5th bearing
CH 601 XLB
N601LT - Flying
http://www.mykitlog.com/rlendon
Corvair Engine Prints:
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sky_ranger161



Joined: 07 Jun 2006
Posts: 91

PostPosted: Tue Feb 12, 2008 3:36 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Hey Ron!

In the Zenith Construction Standards Manual that you can download as a PDF file from the "Builders" section of the Zenith web site, there's a section that gives acceptable standards of what a good flange should look like. I found it helpful - sounds like what you may be looking for too. Good luck!

Debo Cox
Nags Head, NC
XL/Corvair
www.mykitlog.com/debo

do not archive
[quote][b]


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PostPosted: Tue Feb 12, 2008 5:48 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

My dies are also made of wood and after I use them, I have to do a little more work to get it right. In my experience, after using the die, the rib web gets bowed inward, as you can see in this picture:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577591804484914

Scott Laughlin gave me an idea that lead me to do this:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577600394419522

I used the improvised tool in the picture to bend the flange a bit further down until the rib web get straight and it worked well:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577613279321426

The good news is that it no only got straight but the web feels stronger too, oil canning effect was reduced to almost nothing.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

rlalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote:[quote][b]


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Ron Lendon



Joined: 10 Jan 2006
Posts: 685
Location: Clinton Twp., MI

PostPosted: Tue Feb 12, 2008 6:04 am    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

I had the same crowning issue on the rear ribs and followed Scott's lead and just added L-angles to all the rear ribs.

http://mykitlog.com/users/display_log.php?user=rlendon&project=113&category=1683&log=20273&row=253


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WW Corvair with Roy's Garage 5th bearing
CH 601 XLB
N601LT - Flying
http://www.mykitlog.com/rlendon
Corvair Engine Prints:
https://sites.google.com/site/corvairenginedata/
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rlalonde



Joined: 20 Nov 2006
Posts: 43

PostPosted: Tue Feb 12, 2008 7:13 pm    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Thanks William and Debo for your replies.
Debo, I looked up the construction sheet for the dies and brought it to a machinist today.
William, I used the flanging dies made of wood and I experienced the same problem as you did.
The rib webs were bowed. I however had another problem in that my flanges were not as wide as they should have been...I think I should have used a press instead of hammering on them. The seemed uneven and not centered perfectly.

Anyways, I think that I am going to have a set of steel dies made, redo the flanges by repeating the process. Hopefull will be perfectly "pressed" this time with a stronger die being used. If I run into the bowed problem even after this is done, I will use the "hardwood stick" that Scott suggested.
Thanks again guys for your help. I sure do not want to have to redo a new set of wing ribs, as you well know, this is a heck of a lot of work!!!
Thanks again, your help is much appreciated.

Ron Lalonde
601XL, Plans 6510
Tail completed, working on wings
Nova Scotia, Canada


Quote:
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 05:45:11 -0800
From: bill_dom(at)yahoo.com
Subject: Re: Hole Flanging
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com

My dies are also made of wood and after I use them, I have to do a little more work to get it right. In my experience, after using the die, the rib web gets bowed inward, as you can see in this picture:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577591804484914

Scott Laughlin gave me an idea that lead me to do this:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577600394419522

I used the improvised tool in the picture to bend the flange a bit further down until the rib web get straight and it worked well:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577613279321426

The good news is that it no only got straight but the web feels stronger too, oil canning effect was reduced to almost nothing.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

rlalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote: ="http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?Zenith-List" target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/contribution" target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/co================ [/b]
Quote:
[/quote] [quote][b]


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rlalonde



Joined: 20 Nov 2006
Posts: 43

PostPosted: Wed Feb 13, 2008 7:20 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Just got back from the local machinists place. Just to have the two larger dies made (95mm and 115mm), will be
110 dollars EACH!
Certainly not able to go that route. Will have to watch the list and see where those metal dies that are floating around (that can be used for the cost of shipping.) Still be a lot cheaper to pay shipping to Nova Scotia, Canada, then to have them manufactured here. Now just to locate them!!

Sure wish I was related to a machinist...LOL

(The idea of installing L brackets to solve the bowing problem sounds good as well)

Ron



Quote:
From: rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: RE: Hole Flanging
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 23:08:53 -0400

.ExternalClass .EC_hmmessage P {padding:0px;} .ExternalClass EC_body.hmmessage {font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;} Thanks William and Debo for your replies.
Debo, I looked up the construction sheet for the dies and brought it to a machinist today.
William, I used the flanging dies made of wood and I experienced the same problem as you did.
The rib webs were bowed. I however had another problem in that my flanges were not as wide as they should have been...I think I should have used a press instead of hammering on them. The seemed uneven and not centered perfectly.

Anyways, I think that I am going to have a set of steel dies made, redo the flanges by repeating the process. Hopefull will be perfectly "pressed" this time with a stronger die being used. If I run into the bowed problem even after this is done, I will use the "hardwood stick" that Scott suggested.
Thanks again guys for your help. I sure do not want to have to redo a new set of wing ribs, as you well know, this is a heck of a lot of work!!!
Thanks again, your help is much appreciated.

Ron Lalonde
601XL, Plans 6520
Tail completed, working on wings
Nova Scotia, Canada


Quote:
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 05:45:11 -0800
From: bill_dom(at)yahoo.com
Subject: Re: Hole Flanging
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com

My dies are also made of wood and after I use them, I have to do a little more work to get it right. In my experience, after using the die, the rib web gets bowed inward, as you can see in this picture:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577591804484914

Scott Laughlin gave me an idea that lead me to do this:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577600394419522

I used the improvised tool in the picture to bend the flange a bit further down until the rib web get straight and it worked well:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577613279321426

The good news is that it no only got straight but the web feels stronger too, oil canning effect was reduced to almost nothing.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

rlalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote: ="http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?Zenith-List" target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/contribution" target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/co================ [/b]
Quote:

[url=http:///][/url]
Quote:


arget=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?Zenith-List
p://forums.matronics.com
blank>http://www.matronics.com/contribution



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PostPosted: Wed Feb 13, 2008 11:51 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

If you are hammering them that could be your problem. I use a vise and 3 C clamps:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577557444746498

Here is how my wooden dies look like:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577544559844594

Because of the compressibility of wood, wooden dies need to have the pressure applied uniformly. A hammer wont guarantee that. You can give a try to your hardwood dies using a vise and clams and see what happens.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

Ron Lalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote:[quote] .hmmessage P { margin:0px; padding:0px } body.hmmessage { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY:Tahoma }
Just got back from the local machinists place. Just to have the two larger dies made (95mm and 115mm), will be
110 dollars EACH!
Certainly not able to go that route. Will have to watch the list and see where those metal dies that are floating around (that can be used for the cost of shipping.) Still be a lot cheaper to pay shipping to Nova Scotia, Canada, then to have them manufactured here. Now just to locate them!!

Sure wish I was related to a machinist...LOL

(The idea of installing L brackets to solve the bowing problem sounds good as well)

Ron



[quote] From: rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: RE: Hole Flanging
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 23:08:53 -0400

.ExternalClass .EC_hmmessage P {padding:0px;} .ExternalClass EC_body.hmmessage {font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;} Thanks William and Debo for your replies.
Debo, I looked up the construction sheet for the dies and brought it to a machinist today.
William, I used the flanging dies made of wood and I experienced the same problem as you did.
The rib webs were bowed. I however had another problem in that my flanges were not as wide as they should have been...I think I should have used a press instead of hammering on them. The seemed uneven and not centered perfectly.

Anyways, I think that I am going to have a set of steel dies made, redo the flanges by repeating the process. Hopefull will be perfectly "pressed" this time with a stronger die being used. If I run into the bowed problem even after this is done, I will use the "hardwood stick" that Scott suggested.
Thanks again guys for your help. I sure do not want to have to redo a new set of wing ribs, as you well know, this is a heck of a lot of work!!!
Thanks again, your help is much appreciated.

Ron Lalonde
601XL, Plans 6520
Tail completed, working on wings
Nova Scotia, Canada


[quote] Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 05:45:11 -0800
From: bill_dom(at)yahoo.com
Subject: Re: Hole Flanging
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com

My dies are also made of wood and after I use them, I have to do a little more work to get it right. In my experience, after using the die, the rib web gets bowed inward, as you can see in this picture:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577591804484914

Scott Laughlin gave me an idea that lead me to do this:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577600394419522

I used the improvised tool in the picture to bend the flange a bit further down until the rib web get straight and it worked well:

http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577613279321426

The good news is [quote][b]


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PostPosted: Wed Feb 13, 2008 1:58 pm    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Quote:
Theres a website..zenith ch701ch801.com. click on
side bar where it says builders links
then click home made tools. Theres a new site
called Flanging Dies Construction.pdf by Ron D
Leclerc. Shows how to make flanging dies step by
step and pics to boot. Do not archive
--- William Dominguez <bill_dom(at)yahoo.com> wrote:


Quote:
If you are hammering them that could be your
problem. I use a vise and 3 C clamps:


http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577557444746498

Quote:

Here is how my wooden dies look like:


http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577544559844594

Quote:

Because of the compressibility of wood, wooden dies
need to have the pressure applied uniformly. A
hammer wont guarantee that. You can give a try to
your hardwood dies using a vise and clams and see
what happens.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

Ron Lalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote:
.hmmessage P { margin:0px; padding:0px }
body.hmmessage { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY:Tahoma
}
Just got back from the local machinists place. Just
to have the two larger dies made (95mm and 115mm),
will be
110 dollars EACH!
Certainly not able to go that route. Will have to
watch the list and see where those metal dies that
are floating around (that can be used for the cost
of shipping.) Still be a lot cheaper to pay shipping
to Nova Scotia, Canada, then to have them
manufactured here. Now just to locate them!!

Sure wish I was related to a machinist...LOL

(The idea of installing L brackets to solve the
bowing problem sounds good as well)

Ron






---------------------------------
From: rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: RE: Hole Flanging
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 23:08:53 -0400

.ExternalClass .EC_hmmessage P {padding:0px;}
.ExternalClass EC_body.hmmessage
{font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;} Thanks William
and Debo for your replies.
Debo, I looked up the construction sheet for the
dies and brought it to a machinist today.
William, I used the flanging dies made of wood and I
experienced the same problem as you did.
The rib webs were bowed. I however had another
problem in that my flanges were not as wide as they
should have been...I think I should have used a
press instead of hammering on them. The seemed
uneven and not centered perfectly.

Anyways, I think that I am going to have a set of
steel dies made, redo the flanges by repeating the
process. Hopefull will be perfectly "pressed" this
time with a stronger die being used. If I run into
the bowed problem even after this is done, I will
use the "hardwood stick" that Scott suggested.
Thanks again guys for your help. I sure do not want
to have to redo a new set of wing ribs, as you well
know, this is a heck of a lot of work!!!
Thanks again, your help is much appreciated.

Ron Lalonde
601XL, Plans 6520
Tail completed, working on wings
Nova Scotia, Canada





---------------------------------
Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2008 05:45:11 -0800
From: bill_dom(at)yahoo.com
Subject: Re: Hole Flanging
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com

My dies are also made of wood and after I use them,
I have to do a little more work to get it right. In
my experience, after using the die, the rib web gets
bowed inward, as you can see in this picture:


http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577591804484914

Quote:

Scott Laughlin gave me an idea that lead me to do
this:


http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577600394419522

Quote:

I used the improvised tool in the picture to bend
the flange a bit further down until the rib web get
straight and it worked well:


http://picasaweb.google.com/billdomg/Wings/photo#5157577613279321426

Quote:

The good news is that it no only got straight but
the web feels stronger too, oil canning effect was
reduced to almost nothing.

William Dominguez
Zodiac 601XL Plans
Miami Florida
http://www.geocities.com/bill_dom/

rlalonde <rlalonde(at)HOTMAIL.COM> wrote:
="http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?Zenith-List"
target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/contribution"

target=_blank>http://www.matronics.com/co================

Quote:




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PostPosted: Wed Feb 13, 2008 2:08 pm    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

do not archive

What metal dies are those Ron?

Randy, Las Vegas
[quote] ---


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Joined: 22 Sep 2007
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PostPosted: Wed Feb 13, 2008 4:52 pm    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Now that is improvising! Cool

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PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 5:57 am    Post subject: Hole flanging Reply with quote

Quote:
Totaly agree with Brett
--- Brett Hanley <bretttdc(at)yahoo.com> wrote:


Quote:
Sometimes I think this list just makes a lot of
people paranoid. No matter what one suggests there
is an expert out there on the list that will tell
you it will not work. The best thing a builder can
do for himself is to find a few mentors that have
been there and done that. People that have studied
the material and know the rules of safe practice.
Follow their advice and take all other advice with a
grain of salt. Then get the books and educate
yourself. That's what it is all about, learning.

When I started building my 701 eight years ago
there was not near the information available on the
web as there is today. I was using an old set of
4TH edition plans. In the plans where a set of
drawings on how to make the flange blocks. I just
got some hardwood and turned them up on a wood lathe
myself. It was the first time I had used a wood
lathe since high school. It took me an entire
afternoon to make the set of three. I just took my
time and and made them accurate. They worked great
in a press. I flanged all my holes in about an
hour. Those same wood dies are still in use today.
They have flanged the holes for at least four
planes. They still work perfectly even though one
cracked on the first hole it flanged. Wood will
work.

Brett




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John75142



Joined: 05 Dec 2007
Posts: 56
Location: Kaufman, TX

PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 6:33 am    Post subject: Hole flanging Reply with quote

I had good luck with the Bob Stick method, probably not as attractive as
with dies but functional. Had a bit of cupping that was resolved with small
pieces of standard L in between the flanges, straightened them right out.
This method I doubt is quiet a bit slower I would guess but it works.

John
scratch building 701

---


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ashontz



Joined: 27 Dec 2006
Posts: 723

PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 8:22 am    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Odd it would crown like that. After I made mine in the form I'd take it out and lay it flat on the table and tweak it with the crimping pliers and hand seamer til it sat down flat, at which point the edges would be 90 degrees anyway. I then cut the holes and flanged them and didn't notice any crown. Were they perfectly flat when you cut the holes? Maybe that's why they crowned. That or the flange die wasn't sturdy enough or something. Odd.

Ron Lendon wrote:
I had the same crowning issue on the rear ribs and followed Scott's lead and just added L-angles to all the rear ribs.

http://mykitlog.com/users/display_log.php?user=rlendon&project=113&category=1683&log=20273&row=253


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ashontz



Joined: 27 Dec 2006
Posts: 723

PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 8:24 am    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Did you try just clamping them down with a 3/4 inch bolt and nut with a metal plate on either side? That looks like a pain in the butt.

[quote="n4546v(at)mindspring.com"]do not archive

What metal dies are those Ron?

Randy, Las Vegas
Quote:
---


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PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 9:26 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Has anyone looked at the flanging dies from Sonex?
They come with their sample wing rib kit. I don't
know the sizes but they look like the design looks
like it would work. They are some sort of cast
plastic.

Personally, I used the Avery Tools flanging stick
method for all of my holes but a good set of dies
would have done a neater job.

Doug MacDonald
CH-701 Scratch Builder
NW Ontario, Canada

Do not archive

--- ashontz <ashontz(at)nbme.org> wrote:

Quote:

<ashontz(at)nbme.org>

Odd it would crown like that. After I made mine in
the form I'd take it out and lay it flat on the
table and tweak it with the crimping pliers and hand
seamer til it sat down flat, at which point the
edges would be 90 degrees anyway. I then cut the
holes and flanged them and didn't notice any crown.
Were they perfectly flat when you cut the holes?
Maybe that's why they crowned. That or the flange
die wasn't sturdy enough or something. Odd.

Never miss a thing. Make Yahoo your home page.
http://www.yahoo.com/r/hs


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n4546v(at)mindspring.com
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PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 10:15 am    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

do not archive

What pain?

At the time I didn't have a 3/4" bolt, nut & washers, I didn't have "metal
plates" prepared. It would have taken longer to find or buy and prepare all
that stuff than what I did which cost me "ZERO".

I had the jack, the junk Jeep pickup and a couple of pieces of plywood.
Once the jack was in place and the wheel jacked up, all that it required was
cracking the jack handle, a nice slow descent, then jacking back up about 1"
each time to move the dies to a new hole. It took far less effort than
pumping a handle on a shop press along with staging proper height benches on
each side of the press to support the parts! But I did have to bend over,
but I can always use the exercise.

And, I didn't have to "juggle" any of the parts around. With your "nuts &
bolts & plates" how long does it take to get things positioned for each
press, especially one in the middle of a 12' wing spar web?

Another added benefit for a klutz like me is that working on the driveway,
at zero altitude above field elevation, I didn't drop a single part or die!!

Of course, if you set the dies on edge, they roll down the driveway grade
and you have to chase them the first four or five times until you learn to
set them flat.

By the way, I could have loaded all the parts in the truck and used the
three or four shop presses I had available to me at the airport, but why go
to all that pain?

This all happened a long time ago, I now have a 20 ton shop press at my
plant, and "Old Blue" the Jeep is long gone, the dies are out on the "Zenith
List" circuit, hopefully helping other builders. I believe dies, properly
made of other materials, do a fine job. But I'm pretty darn sure these dies
will not crack!

To those who have not seen the full size pics of this "kitchen sink
technology" here they are again. I know this is "old hat" to veteran
listers, so I apologize in advance for the repetition and download time.

This all happened before I owned a digital camera. The pic is a scan of
film snapshots shich I call: "Gravity powered lightning hole flanging
press".

Best regards to all,

Randy, Las Vegas
---


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Jaybannist(at)cs.com
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PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 1:24 pm    Post subject: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

For what its worth, the flanges on my kit-supplied ribs were a little less than 90 deg. When I tried fastening the first few to the spar, the web deflected to a domed shape, so the flange next to the spar deflected also. After that, I went through each one, adjusting the flanges to 90 deg. Nearly all of them were off.

Jay in Dallas 601XL N2630J "Lil Bruiser"


"ashontz" <ashontz(at)nbme.org> wrote:

Quote:


Odd it would crown like that. After I made mine in the form I'd take it out and lay it flat on the table and tweak it with the crimping pliers and hand seamer til it sat down flat, at which point the edges would be 90 degrees anyway. I then cut the holes and flanged them and didn't notice any crown. Were they perfectly flat when you cut the holes? Maybe that's why they crowned. That or the flange die wasn't sturdy enough or something. Odd.
Ron Lendon wrote:
> I had the same crowning issue on the rear ribs and followed Scott's lead and just added L-angles to all the rear ribs.
>
> http://mykitlog.com/users/display_log.php?user=rlendon&project=113&category=1683&log 273&row 53
--------
Andy Shontz
CH601XL - Corvair
www.mykitlog.com/ashontz


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Ron Lendon



Joined: 10 Jan 2006
Posts: 685
Location: Clinton Twp., MI

PostPosted: Thu Feb 14, 2008 7:13 pm    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Andy,

The crowning I got in the rear ribs was all my fault for making the die clearance to small (I made em to close) and coining the parts in a press. It really was faster to just add the L-angles rather than all the hand work. The parts were flat before the flanging operation, and they are also flat now in the completed wing.


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_________________
Ron Lendon
WW Corvair with Roy's Garage 5th bearing
CH 601 XLB
N601LT - Flying
http://www.mykitlog.com/rlendon
Corvair Engine Prints:
https://sites.google.com/site/corvairenginedata/
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ashontz



Joined: 27 Dec 2006
Posts: 723

PostPosted: Fri Feb 15, 2008 7:11 am    Post subject: Re: Hole Flanging Reply with quote

Takes me about 60 seconds. I put one half of the die in the vise, put the rib in, put the other die on top, put the bolt through with the plate on one side, put the plate on the other side, put the nut on, tighten the nut by hand, then use a wrench the rest of the way.

Last time I timed it (because I had to remake one with the form already finished), it took me about 80 minutes to make a wing center rib from flat sheet to fully finished rib with flanged holes.

n4546v(at)mindspring.com wrote:
do not archive

And, I didn't have to "juggle" any of the parts around. With your "nuts &
bolts & plates" how long does it take to get things positioned for each
press, especially one in the middle of a 12' wing spar web?
---


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