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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2009 5:41 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Good Morning David,
Strain gauges do have a lot of capability. For some reason, every time a proposal is made to use them for a control function, various calibration issues arise. It will be interesting to see what the brainy guys on the list come up with.
The idea of having an instantaneous check of weight has been toyed with for many years. Not sure how long ago it started. However, my first exposure was just after WWII when tricycle landing gear became common on air carrier aircraft. Since everyone of the then popular tricycle landing geared airliners used air/oil hydraulic struts on their landing gear, the obvious answer was to measure the change in strut pressure as the aircraft was being loaded.
The first objection came from those who mentioned air loads. We can't even get a good static weighing of an airplane unless the weighing is being conducted in a closed hangar. Even ceiling fans must be shut off because those have been known to affect a precise weighing.
Once an engine is started, additional varying loads would be applied that mess up the weight numbers.
If all those variables are considered, do we really want something that will tell us we are ten pounds too heavy? Or maybe that our CG is two tenths of an inch aft of where it should be?
For safety, I think we would all like to have that information, but only if it was absolutely guaranteed to be accurate and repeatable information.
I wish you well in your endeavor and hope that the problems can be solved, but the powers that be have elected to study the situation quite a bit more before using it in commercial aviation.
Let us know how it works for you.
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
Downers Grove IL
LL22
Stearman N3977A
In a message dated 7/1/2009 6:37:05 A.M. Central Daylight Time, ainut(at)hiwaay.net writes:
Quote: | --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "David M." <ainut(at)hiwaay.net>
Does anyone have experience with strain gauges? I envision strain
gauges somewhere on each of the 3 "legs" of the plane, calibrated
initially at the empty weight of the plane and then again at full fuel,
oil, and etc. What that would give us is a constant readout or our
plane's weight, esp on takeoff. One could argue that landing weight
could be inferred as well while still in the air. This should help
immensely with the (uncommon) problems of taking off too heavy or (gasp)
CG being out of range.
I want to try this on my plane but I have no experience with strain
gauges. I'm thinking of mounting them where the legs meet the fuselage
for the mains, and maybe at the movable joint on the front (mine is a
trike.)
Any ideas?
David M.
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junk(at)jaredyates.com Guest
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Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2009 6:19 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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I think that some airliners have tried onboard systems, but the shortcoming
is that it is hard to build a system that is sensitive enough to keep the
accuracy where you would want it but yet strong enough to survive the
stresses of landings. Most big planes have instead moved in the direction
of math calculations with average weights instead. Those calculations have
a lot of room for error, and yet someone must have decided at some point
that they were still more accurate than strain gauges. Maybe with a small
plane and feather fingertips for the landings, you could make it work!
--
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khorton01(at)rogers.com Guest
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Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2009 10:40 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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On 1 Jul 2009, at 07:32, David M. wrote:
Quote: |
Does anyone have experience with strain gauges? I envision strain
gauges somewhere on each of the 3 "legs" of the plane, calibrated
initially at the empty weight of the plane and then again at full
fuel, oil, and etc. What that would give us is a constant readout
or our plane's weight, esp on takeoff. One could argue that landing
weight could be inferred as well while still in the air. This
should help immensely with the (uncommon) problems of taking off too
heavy or (gasp) CG being out of range.
I want to try this on my plane but I have no experience with strain
gauges. I'm thinking of mounting them where the legs meet the
fuselage for the mains, and maybe at the movable joint on the front
(mine is a trike.)
Any ideas?
|
One big problem will be that as you add weight, and the gear flexes,
the bottom end of the gear legs need to move outwards. If you are
stopped, the friction between the tires and the ground prevent the
bottom ends of the gear legs from spreading apart. Once you start to
move, and the wheels roll, the wheels will spread apart a bit to allow
the gear legs to take up their new natural position. So, once the
aircraft is loaded, you won't get a repeatable measurement until the
aircraft rolls a few feet. If while the aircraft is rolling, a tire
comes upon a piece of ground that is not even from side to side, that
will tend to make the wheel roll a bit to the left or right of its
natural position, which will affect the strain on the upper end of the
gear leg, changing the strain gauge output.
There is no harm in conducting the experiment, but I'm not optimistic
that you would be able to get acceptable accuracy in the real world.
I'll be amazed if you get accuracy better than 100 lb.
Please keep up posted. This is an interesting project.
--
Kevin Horton (Grounded)
RV-8 (Flight Test Phase)
Ottawa, Canada
http://www.kilohotel.com/rv8
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nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect Guest
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Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2009 2:28 pm Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Quote: |
One big problem will be that as you add weight, and the gear flexes,
the bottom end of the gear legs need to move outwards. If you are
stopped, the friction between the tires and the ground prevent the
bottom ends of the gear legs from spreading apart. Once you start to
move, and the wheels roll, the wheels will spread apart a bit to allow
the gear legs to take up their new natural position. So, once the
aircraft is loaded, you won't get a repeatable measurement until the
aircraft rolls a few feet. If while the aircraft is rolling, a tire
comes upon a piece of ground that is not even from side to side, that
will tend to make the wheel roll a bit to the left or right of its
natural position, which will affect the strain on the upper end of the
gear leg, changing the strain gauge output.
There is no harm in conducting the experiment, but I'm not optimistic
that you would be able to get acceptable accuracy in the real world.
I'll be amazed if you get accuracy better than 100 lb. |
Aha! I'd not thought of that one. Thanks Ken.
Got my feet wet in strain gages about 38 years
ago when we fiddled with adding a patient weighing
feature to the Mobilizer hospital patient transporter
for which I was developing the electrics.
http://aeroelectric.com/Pictures/Misc/Mobilizer_3s.jpg
The task using electronics available at the time
was a challenge! The feature didn't get incorporated
until years after the project was sold off and
I note that the brochure doesn't mention it now.
http://tinyurl.com/mtt42o
Here's what we wrestled with back then . . . and
you have to look forward to today.
Strain gages measure stretching or compression
on the surface. It's expressed in MICROINCHES per
INCH of dimensional variation as the material
is stressed. There's an excellent historical
on perceptions and measurement of force at:
http://www.omega.com/Literature/Transactions/volume3/history.html
The full scale value of signal from a strain
gage is very small. Typically, a strain-gage
bridge stretched (or compressed) to near limits
and excited with 10 volt will give you an output
between 5 and 20 millivolts. The materials from
which your landing gear is constructed will
determine how much strain the gage sees . . .
but in landing gears (designed for robustness)
it's hard to get large values of strain on
robust articles! It's more likely that you
would get useful data if you could incorporate
off-the-shelf, ruggedized load cells into your
gear system.
http://www.daytronic.com/products/trans/t-loadcells.htm
Pretty ugly . . . no?
Hence the signal you need to slice up into
1000-2000 parts for accurately resolving
weights can get pretty small to begin with.
As Ken mentioned, getting the geometry right
for accurately sensing the true gravity
component of load on the gear is daunting.
Measuring pressure in an oleo strut seems
most promising.
We do this kind of thing in the lab all the
time . . . and on flight test aircraft. But I
can tell you that of ALL the measurements we
do on test airframes, strain gages are the
most problematic either for bonding, wiring,
amplifying signals to useful levels, etc.
Even if you whipped the instrumentation
design, then there's a matter of robustness in
the work-a-day environment.
Accurate resolution of weight-on-wheels in service
has been considered on a lot of projects big and small.
They may be doing it well on something like
the A380 or B787 . . . but if my boss handed
me a project like that today, I'd seriously
consider advancing my retirement date! It's
NOT easy or everyone would be doing it.
Bob . . .
[quote][b]
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aerobubba(at)earthlink.ne Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 4:41 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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IIRC, the Airbus A-320 family of aircraft weigh themselves. Right after
takeoff, and for the reasons cited previously...
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harley(at)AgelessWings.co Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 5:11 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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OK, my turn...we used strain gauges in the processing tanks when I worked for a living (pharmaceutical company). It was my idea to incorporate them, and it became my responsibility to calibrate and see that they were properly maintained.
For example, when the 5,000 gallon processors were full of product being manufactured, even a fork truck driving by in an aisle outside the room would change the readings...the act of mixing the product would change the readings...even trying to massage the information we were getting from the gauges through computers only worked when everything was still...running water or other liquids into the process could only be accurately measured after the fluids had stopped sloshing around.
So, how can strain gauges ever work in a plane while it is moving (as someone earlier wished for...to determine LANDING WEIGHT for example!) Once the plane is in the air, the load is off the legs...the strain is gone...at least the strain from the craft's weight. And while flying, even if there was a method to transfer the measured load from the legs to the wings, that would change constantly with attitude and g forces.
The only way I can see the airbus weighing themselves right after take off is a differential between the reading on the ground motionless, and when flying level...after that, I would think that any "weight" reading would be interpolated from fuel burn rate and not an actual weight.
Harley
glen matejcek wrote: [quote] Quote: | --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "glen matejcek" <aerobubba(at)earthlink.net> (aerobubba(at)earthlink.net)
IIRC, the Airbus A-320 family of aircraft weigh themselves. Right after
takeoff, and for the reasons cited previously...
| [b]
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khorton01(at)rogers.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 6:22 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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On 2 Jul 2009, at 08:29, glen matejcek wrote:
Quote: |
>
IIRC, the Airbus A-320 family of aircraft weigh themselves. Right
after
takeoff, and for the reasons cited previously...
|
I've done flight testing on most of the Airbus family, and this is the
first I've ever heard of this. The fly-by-wire Airbus aircraft do
have a backup CG calculation that uses airspeed, weight and stabilizer
angle. This serves to crosscheck the CG that is calculated from the
crew entered values of zero fuel weight and CG. Maybe this is what
you were thinking of.
--
Kevin Horton (Grounded)
RV-8 (Flight Test Phase)
Ottawa, Canada
http://www.kilohotel.com/rv8
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nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 6:22 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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At 07:29 AM 7/2/2009, you wrote:
Quote: |
<aerobubba(at)earthlink.net>
IIRC, the Airbus A-320 family of aircraft weigh themselves. Right after
takeoff, and for the reasons cited previously...
|
Hmmmm . . . that perhaps answers some questions
about maintain strain gage calibration that accounts
for creep in offsets. Waiting until after t.o to
display weight gets them a "zero weight" value off
the gear stress sensors that becomes a new baseline
for the next weighing action.
But that does beg the question as to what's the
value of knowing that you're over-gross/out-of-CG
AFTER takeoff?
Bob . . .
---------------------------------------
( . . . a long habit of not thinking )
( a thing wrong, gives it a superficial )
( appearance of being right . . . )
( )
( -Thomas Paine 1776- )
---------------------------------------
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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 6:36 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Good Morning aerobubba,
Any of us can do the same if we wish to go to the trouble of getting highly accurate calibration of all factors involved. For any specific weight and any specific angle of attack there will be just one speed at which the aircraft will leave the ground.
If we note that speed and adjust for all the other pertinent factors we will have the weight.
I have used that technique to some degree when flying the DC-8 in a charter operation. I found that if my weight really was what the paperwork said it was and I initiated rotation when the book said I should, the DC-8 would leave the surface at a nine degree nose up attitude. When I started to find airplanes in the charter operation that didn't do what I expected, I began to evaluate each takeoff very carefully.
If I rotated to nine degrees and it did not fly, I held the nine degrees until it did lift off. I would then add two thousand pounds to whatever my weight manifest said for each knot above the normal lift off speed that I attained by holding the nine degrees. If I then added that extra weight to my performance calculations, all became normal.
As an example, if the lift off speed was ten knots higher than had been calculated I would be twenty thousand pounds heavier than the paperwork showed. By using that new weight to establish climb and cruise numbers, the airplane would deliver the performance required. Hopefully, modern techniques for gathering the data for weight manifests have improved drastically in the thirty-five plus years since I flew those charters, but it worked well for me!
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
Downers Grove, IL
LL22
Stearman N3977A
In a message dated 7/2/2009 7:44:03 A.M. Central Daylight Time, aerobubba(at)earthlink.net writes:
Quote: | --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "glen matejcek" <aerobubba(at)earthlink.net>
IIRC, the Airbus A-320 family of aircraft weigh themselves. Right after
takeoff, and for the reasons cited ========================bsp; = Use utilities Day ================================================ - MATRONICS WEB FORUMS ================================================ - List Contribution Web Site sp; ===================================================
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nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 6:38 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Quote: | For example, when the 5,000 gallon processors were full of product
being manufactured, even a fork truck driving by in an aisle outside
the room would change the readings...the act of mixing the product
would change the readings...even trying to massage the information
we were getting from the gauges through computers only worked when
everything was still...running water or other liquids into the
process could only be accurately measured after the fluids had
stopped sloshing around.
|
Yeah. I recall an associate once describing strain
gage technology akin to working with tweezers
under a microscope during an earthquake. It's
truly an exercise in sifting grains of sugar
from the rock salt. The artful application of
strain gages has been enhanced by advances in
software analysis of noise-laden micro-signals.
Computers made a huge improvement in accuracy and
resolution of slow moving data but if you're
wanting to measure vibration or other rapidly
changing data over long periods of time, it's
a whole new ball game.
Bob . . .
---------------------------------------
( . . . a long habit of not thinking )
( a thing wrong, gives it a superficial )
( appearance of being right . . . )
( )
( -Thomas Paine 1776- )
---------------------------------------
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rv7a.builder(at)yahoo.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 7:15 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Perhaps knowing something about the weight and CG in case you need to make a landing, especially an emergency landing? JR
---
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nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 7:20 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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At 10:12 AM 7/2/2009, you wrote:
Quote: |
<rv7a.builder(at)yahoo.com>
Perhaps knowing something about the weight and CG in case you need
to make a landing, especially an emergency landing? JR
|
But is it not an FAA mandate (and a damned good
idea) that the pilot know that weight and balance
limits have been checked BEFORE takeoff?
Bob . . .
---------------------------------------
( . . . a long habit of not thinking )
( a thing wrong, gives it a superficial )
( appearance of being right . . . )
( )
( -Thomas Paine 1776- )
---------------------------------------
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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 7:31 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Good Morning Bob,
It has to do with something like: "The best laid plans of mice and men ------ "
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
In a message dated 7/2/2009 10:22:05 A.M. Central Daylight Time, nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com writes:
Quote: | --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
At 10:12 AM 7/2/2009, you wrote:
Quote: | --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "rv7a.builder"
<rv7a.builder(at)yahoo.com>
Perhaps knowing something about the weight and CG in case you need
to make a landing, especially an emergency landing? JR
|
But is it not an FAA mandate (and a damned good
idea) that the pilot know that weight and balance
limits have been checked BEFORE takeoff?
Bob . . .
---------------------------------------
( . . . a long habit of not thinking )
( a thing wrong, gives it a superficial )
( appearance of being right . . . )
( )
( -Thomas Paine 1776- )
================================================= Use utilities Day ================================================ - MATRONICS WEB FORUMS ================================================ - List Contribution Web Site sp; ===================================================
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[quote][b]
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echristley(at)nc.rr.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2009 11:12 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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Kevin Horton wrote:
Quote: |
One big problem will be that as you add weight, and the gear flexes,
the bottom end of the gear legs need to move outwards. If you are
stopped, the friction between the tires and the ground prevent the
bottom ends of the gear legs from spreading apart. Once you start to
move, and the wheels roll, the wheels will spread apart a bit to allow
the gear legs to take up their new natural position. So, once the
aircraft is loaded, you won't get a repeatable measurement until the
aircraft rolls a few feet. If while the aircraft is rolling, a tire
comes upon a piece of ground that is not even from side to side, that
will tend to make the wheel roll a bit to the left or right of its
natural position, which will affect the strain on the upper end of the
gear leg, changing the strain gauge output.
There is no harm in conducting the experiment, but I'm not optimistic
that you would be able to get acceptable accuracy in the real world.
I'll be amazed if you get accuracy better than 100 lb.
|
I'd expect that what you'd get is a readout that bounced around. The
question is, does it bounce around the middle of your W&B range, or is
it bouncing around one of the extremes? If you use it for a sanity
check, it could be a useful tool. No one really needs the weight to
within a 1/4 oz anyway, just whether the wife was lying about how many
shoes she was taking. If you're trying to use it to get an exact W&B,
I'd say you were fooling yourself.
BTW, Kevin. If I were within 100lbs of gross or 1/2" of my CG limit,
I'd be reweighing stuff and re-doing my calculation a couple more times
with extra care anyway 8*)
--
http://www.ernest.isa-geek.org
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Eric M. Jones
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 565 Location: Massachusetts
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 6:58 am Post subject: Re: self weighing our planes |
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There have been a lot of good suggestions here.
If you want to know the whole story, use the search facility at USPTO.com, which is the US patent and trademark office....always a first stop for technological issues.
Search "aircraft weighing" or similar strings. This search takes a couple minutes but will give you all the relevant patents. Anything filed before July3, 1989 is yours to use in any way you want. You can use more recent stuff, but don't commercialize or advertise it.
You must download and install AlternaTIFF: http://www.alternatiff.com/ to see and print the full images. It is well worth a few minutes to figure out how to do this.
My other fav source is the NACA/NASA Technical Report Server:
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp
This goes back to the start of aviation and is well worth a look.
"The problem with the world is that only the intelligent people want to be
smarter, and only the good people want to improve."
- Eolake Stobblehouse
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_________________ Eric M. Jones
www.PerihelionDesign.com
113 Brentwood Drive
Southbridge, MA 01550
(508) 764-2072
emjones(at)charter.net |
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aerobubba(at)earthlink.ne Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 9:20 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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glen matejcek
aerobubba(at)earthlink.net
Quote: | So, how can strain gauges ever work in a plane while it is moving (as
someone earlier wished for...to determine LANDING WEIGHT for example!)
|
Well, if strain gauges were to be used my guess would be to put them on the
spars, subtract the stabilizer load from the wing load and then factor by
the g load.
Quote: | But that does beg the question as to what's the
value of knowing that you're over-gross/out-of-CG
AFTER takeoff?
|
That was my first question. As I recall, the answer given was to get a
measured weight in flight to determine accurate performance numbers. The
bus continuously displayed buffet margins, cruise speeds, best glide speed,
and the low speed raster. I don't know how much of that can be calculated
and displayed without determining the weight of the aircraft. An
independent AoA is pretty straight forward, but displaying performance
hacks numerically without knowing the weight of the plane seems like it'd
be a little trickier. It also occurs to me that the glide ratio of that
plane varied with weight (due to flexure of the structure causing a change
in the geometric twist of the wing ) which would factor into best economy
and glide calculations.
Quote: | I've done flight testing on most of the Airbus family, and this is the
first I've ever heard of this. The fly-by-wire Airbus aircraft do
have a backup CG calculation that uses airspeed, weight and stabilizer
angle. This serves to crosscheck the CG that is calculated from the
crew entered values of zero fuel weight and CG. Maybe this is what
you were thinking of.
|
Given a fighting chance, I can pooch just about anything, but I just went
and took a quick look at some old training docs and they do say the plane
calculated it's weight after lift off.
Quote: | As an example, if the lift off speed was ten knots higher than had been
calculated I would be twenty thousand pounds heavier than the paperwork
showed. By using that new weight to establish climb and cruise numbers,
the
airplane would deliver the performance required. Hopefully, modern techni
ques
for gathering the data for weight manifests have improved drastically in
the
thirty-five plus years since I flew those charters, but it worked well for
me!
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About 10 years ago my employer of that moment darn near lost a 737 at LGA.
At V1 the F/O pulled the yoke all the way to the stop, yet the nose stayed
firmly on the ground. Fortunately, he had the presence of mind to start
running nose up trim. They got airborne before getting wet, but not by
much. After returning for the landing they found 5,000 undocumented pounds
in the forward bin....
Quote: |
Perhaps knowing something about the weight and CG in case you need to
make a landing,
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Quote: | especially an emergency landing? JR
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I have yet to see Sully's presentation, but having that and related info
instantly available was likely a factor in the Hudson river event. I don't
recall if it was the 'bus or a different glass cockpit in my past, but one
of them would give you a glide range circle instead of an altitude
intercept arc when you spun the altitude alerter down to ground level. If
that function was available on the 'bus, it could have been an aid in
determining if to a return to LGA (or TEb or EWR) was feasible.
Quote: |
But is it not an FAA mandate (and a damned good
idea) that the pilot know that weight and balance
limits have been checked BEFORE takeoff?
Certainly. But load reports can be significantly off, you can burn an
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awful lot of gas enroute, totalizers can be inaccurate or inop, fuel gauges
can err, fuel can be lost, and so on. If 767's could weigh themselves, the
odds of a Gimli Glider - type episode would probably be reduced. It's just
one more tool, whose greatest utility might not be realized until the
unforeseen occurs.
Quote: |
It has to do with something like: "The best laid plans of mice and men
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AMEN!
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DanFM01(at)butter.toast.n Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 9:43 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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A point just to prevent confusion. USPTO.com is a private site that
offers patent related services. The government site is USPTO.gov
On Fri, 2009-07-03 at 07:58 -0700, Eric M. Jones wrote:
Quote: |
There have been a lot of good suggestions here.
If you want to know the whole story, use the search facility at USPTO.com, which is the US patent and trademark office....always a first stop for technological issues.
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Eric M. Jones
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 565 Location: Massachusetts
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 9:55 am Post subject: Re: self weighing our planes |
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Slightly off topic--but there is a little electronic gauge that hot rods use that measures acceleration. Reduced take-off acceleration hampers your ability to get the bird into the air. It could be caused by any of a number of issues such as excess weight--and would be good to know.
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_________________ Eric M. Jones
www.PerihelionDesign.com
113 Brentwood Drive
Southbridge, MA 01550
(508) 764-2072
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khorton01(at)rogers.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 11:20 am Post subject: self weighing our planes |
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On 3-Jul-09, at 13:18 , glen matejcek wrote:
Quote: |
>
> I've done flight testing on most of the Airbus family, and this is
> the
> first I've ever heard of this. The fly-by-wire Airbus aircraft do
> have a backup CG calculation that uses airspeed, weight and
> stabilizer
> angle. This serves to crosscheck the CG that is calculated from the
> crew entered values of zero fuel weight and CG. Maybe this is what
> you were thinking of.
Given a fighting chance, I can pooch just about anything, but I just
went
and took a quick look at some old training docs and they do say the
plane
calculated it's weight after lift off.
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Fascinating. Do the docs give any clue what the data source is for
this calculation?
The aircraft does know the crew-entered zero fuel weight and it knows
the fuel quantity sensed by the fuel indication system. It does
continuously calculate the current gross weight from that data, and
this is the weight that is used to display minimum flap/slat retract
speeds, green dot speed, etc.
--
Kevin Horton (Grounded)
RV-8 (Flying)
Ottawa, Canada
http://www.kilohotel.com/rv8
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Eric M. Jones
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 565 Location: Massachusetts
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Posted: Fri Jul 03, 2009 12:31 pm Post subject: Re: self weighing our planes |
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Google "weight and balance computer"
Everything is there. DON'T Miss the Librascope analog weight and balance computer. You can Google that too.
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