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stratobee
Joined: 28 Dec 2010 Posts: 159 Location: Los Angeles
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Posted: Thu Mar 31, 2011 2:29 pm Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Can someone walk me through the single engine procedures on the 520/560/680 with the geared engines?
I seem to remember hearing that once feathered, they could not be unfeathered and subsequently not started. Is this correct? I want to
get up to scratch theoretically on the 520's procedures so I don't screw up when and if the time comes.
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Cate Chagnot
Joined: 24 May 2007 Posts: 36 Location: Ohio
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Posted: Fri Apr 01, 2011 4:50 am Post subject: Re: Single engine procedures. |
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Hi Adam,
I hope you're getting your multi ticket in something other than your plane since the training is hard on those geared engines. My 680E won't unfeather
unless the engine's running. You have to restart using the same procedure you'd use on the ground. It's usually not a big deal once you've gotten the plane set up and stabilized for single engine flight. In a real engine out situation you'll not be thinking about unfeathering it anyway but just flying the plane... Mixture, props, throttle, flaps, gear! Identify, verify, feather. Fly the plane!
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_________________ Cate
N4278S 680E
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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Apr 01, 2011 6:23 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Good Morning All,
If one who's Commander experience is ancient may comment, I would like to mention the one shot feathering method that was on the very first Aero Commando I ever flew. It had a T handle on each side of the cockpit up near the pilots head. Pull on the left one and the left prop feathered. Pull on the one above the copilots head and the right one feathered.
It was just a cable, not an Arhends control. no way to unfeather at all. Most of the later props could be unfeathered, but need oil pressure to do so. Consequently you need to get some oil pressure to unfeather the prop. One way to do that is to start the engine in the normal manner. Another way, and the one I like the best, is to equip the airplane with unfeathering oil pressure accumulators. When the engine is running, the oil pump pushes oil into the accumulator via a one way check valve. To unfeather the prop, you actuate a lever (usually the propellor governor control lever on the power quadrant) which releases the stored oil into the prop dome and unfeathers the prop. I am aware of at least two types of accumulators. One is a cylinder that has a piston that floats between the engine oil pressure and a preloaded air charge. Another type accumulator is a two halved sphere which has a rubber diaphragm between the two halves. Air pressure preload is on one side and the oil pressure on the other. Both types work quite well. I particularly like to have accumulators on airplanes used for training. They can be expensive and if you never need them, why carry the weight? Personally, I am willing to carry the extra weight so that I can quickly unfearther if I ever feather the wrong one. Those of you who do not make as many mistakes as I do not need that crutch. <G>
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
AKA
Bob Siegfried
Way back When, a Commander Pilot
In a message dated 4/1/2011 7:54:58 A.M. Central Daylight Time, cchagnot(at)ultimateair.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "Cate Chagnot" <cchagnot(at)ultimateair.com>
Hi Adam,
I hope you're getting your multi ticket in something other than your plane since the training is hard on those geared engines. My 680E won't unfeather
unless the engine's running. You have to restart using the same procedure you'd use on the ground. It's usually not a big deal once you've gotten the plane set up and stabilized for single engine flight. In a real engine out situation you'll not be thinking about unfeathering it anyway but just flying the plane... Mixture, props, throttle, flaps, gear! Identify, verify, feather. Fly the plane!
--------
Cate
N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335752#335752===============================================
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jtaddington(at)verizon.ne Guest
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Posted: Fri Apr 01, 2011 3:53 pm Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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The biggest thing is RUDDER, RUDDER, RUDDER, aileron will kill you in a heart beat.
Jim Addington
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BillLeff1(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Apr 01, 2011 9:19 pm Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Adam, I have been instructing in Commanders of all models for 40 years and it is currently one of the things that I still do for a living. This includes 520s. There are several things you need to know.
First of all the engines on your 520 (the GO-435) is not any more fragile than any other engine except for one thing. That is detuning of the counterweights. This is caused by letting the prop drive the engine when you are operating at low MP settings or make rapid throttle movements. http://www.sacskyranch.com/detune.htm.
These engines were used by many of the older air show (aerobatic pilots). Pilots such as the famous Art Scholl and http://www.check-six.com/lib/Famous_Missing/Scholl.htm , Ed Mahler http://www.eaa.org/apps/obituaries/MemorialWall2.aspx?ID=974 and many others used these engines in their aerobatic aircraft for years.
However proper operating procedures are essential. When simulating an engine failure or just doing an in flight shut down never retard the throttle to simulate the engine failure. CUT THE ENGINE BY MOVING THE MIXTURE TO THE CUT OFF POSITION. Do not retard the throttle to identify the engine. This my cause excessive loads on the connecting rods and detune the counterweights. http://books.google.com/books?id=JEXnFqVTqJQC&pg=PA426&lpg=PA426&dq=lycoming+detuning&source=bl&ots=dQx8OYga4I&sig=NcRGTgKhhXnNCupxRvF67X2_nC4&hl=en&ei=FqGWTfqpKdCatwe0nrSBDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&sqi=2&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=lycoming%20detuning&f=false. Remember Dead foot Dead engine!
Typically cylinder head temps are not an issue on the 520. However, do not cut engine to simulate an engine failure if the head temp is over 190 deg C. Rapid cooling may cause cracking of the cylinder heads. This is especially true in the GO-435.
As far as flying the aircraft, maintaining directional control is paramount. Proper use of the rudder and ailerons is important. The best performance is with the aircraft banked 2-5 deg into the operating engine. This is what is called "zero slip angle". This requires proper coordination of both the rudder and ailerons. Turning into the dead engine is not a problem in any Commander but may slightly reduce performance.
In the event the prop will not feather, MAINTAIN DIRECTIONAL CONTROL AND FLYING SPEED AT ALL COST. If necessary retard the operating engines throttle to maintain directional control and ( as my friend Bob Hoover says) fly the plane as far into the accident as possible. It is better to crash under control at a little higher speed than to stall and/or loose control.
In fact the 520 will fly on one engine and maintain directional control with only aileron input but that is not the way it should be done. I found out that one the hard way one day doing single engine training with the rudder lock in place. That was a really stupid mistake but it did sell me on Commanders.
My last advice is do not get your rating in your 520 if you do not have one. Use someone else's airplane. Then do the necessary training in your Commander to become proficient.
Plan each take off assuming an engine is going to fail. Review what you are going to do and how you will do it. Have a plan on where you will go if you do have an engine failure during that take off.
Last remember, these engines are 50+ years old. Treat them with respect and they will take care of you.
Have fun flying your Commander!
Bill Leff
560F N222WL and N303H
The Commander is by far the best handling twin engine aircraft ever built. You need to look no further than Bob Hoover to see that.
In a message dated 3/31/2011 6:34:07 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, adam(at)adamfrisch.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "stratobee" <adam(at)adamfrisch.com>
Can someone walk me through the single engine procedures on the 520/560/680 with the geared engines?
I seem to remember hearing that once feathered, they could not be unfeathered and subsequently not started. Is this correct? I want to
get up to scratch theoretically on the 520's procedures so I don't screw up when and if the time comes.
--------
Adam
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335685#335685
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stratobee
Joined: 28 Dec 2010 Posts: 159 Location: Los Angeles
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 12:30 am Post subject: Re: Single engine procedures. |
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Thanks Bill.
No, I'm doing the multi in a Seneca and am almost finished now.
That's some good advice about the 520 and the stuff I wanted to hear. How to keep directional control and all that is what the general training and rating is for, but I wanted the specifics of the 520 so that when I simulate an engine failure or even shutdown an engine to get the experience, I would like to be able to restart it and unfeather it. I don't want to find myself in a scenario where I can't unfeather, can't start and have to do a landing on one engine. Good practice, I'm sure, but not something I want to do first thing out.
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Cate Chagnot
Joined: 24 May 2007 Posts: 36 Location: Ohio
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 3:40 am Post subject: Re: Single engine procedures. |
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Adam,
I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to get to Dayton.
Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become automatic.
Cate N4278S N180PK
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N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK |
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nico(at)cybersuperstore.c Guest
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 3:57 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Hi Cate,
Why would a taildraggger be particularly good to teach one keeping the nose
straight automatically? I don't have taildragger experience to speak of, but
a couple of thousand MEL hours (Commanders included) and keeping the nose
straight has been second nature almost since Pontius was a pupil pilot. Am I
missing something that taildragger experience would reveal and fix? I am
ignorant about taildraggers, hence the question...
Nico
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Cate Chagnot
Joined: 24 May 2007 Posts: 36 Location: Ohio
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 4:32 am Post subject: Re: Single engine procedures. |
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Hi Nico,
Lots of hours in a taildragger requires one learn the mantra, "Rudder, rudder, rudder"! You get used to automatically and instantly keeping the nose straight or else you end up ground looping (or worse). Un conventional gear airplanes don't really teach you this to the point where it's so automatic you don't think about it. That's all. It helps.
Cate
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N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK |
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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 5:43 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Good Morning Nico,
If you learn to fly in a Luscombe, you will develop good rudder technique because the airplane will bite if not handled correctly. If you learn to fly in a Piper J-3 Cub, you can learn good rudder technique, but using lousy technique, you will probably survive.
What this means is that for the J-3 style and tricycle gear airplanes, it is the instructor that determines whether or not the client uses good rudder technique.
If the trainer is a classic Ercoupe, It is very difficult to learn proper rudder use.
For the vast majority of tricycle gear airplanes, if the instructor does not teach coordination well, the student is no better off than if he/she learned in an Ercoupe.
Start with a Stearman or a Luscombe and the instructor competency is immaterial. The airplane will do the teaching!
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
PS, While I agree with the Rudder, Rudder, Rudder mantra, an equally important one is STOP THE TURN!
In a message dated 4/2/2011 6:57:33 A.M. Central Daylight Time, nico(at)cybersuperstore.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "cybersuperstore" <nico(at)cybersuperstore.com>
Hi Cate,
Why would a taildraggger be particularly good to teach one keeping the nose
straight automatically? I don't have taildragger experience to speak of, but
a couple of thousand MEL hours (Commanders included) and keeping the nose
straight has been second nature almost since Pontius was a pupil pilot. Am I
missing something that taildragger experience would reveal and fix? I am
ignorant about taildraggers, hence the question...
Nico
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-commander-list-server(at)matronics.com
[mailto:owner-commander-list-server(at)matronics.com] On Behalf Of Cate Chagnot
Sent: Saturday, April 02, 2011 4:41 AM
To: commander-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: Re: Single engine procedures.
--> Commander-List message posted by: "Cate Chagnot"
--> <cchagnot(at)ultimateair.com>
Adam,
I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone
better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me
in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to
get to Dayton.
Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an
engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become
automatic.
Cate N4278S N180PK
--------
Cate
N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK
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jtaddington(at)verizon.ne Guest
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Posted: Sat Apr 02, 2011 6:19 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Nico,
In a tail wheel airplane you have to fly from the time you leave the chocks
until you get back to them because when you look off it will look too but it
may look the other way. It makes you very alert to directional control.
Besides they are fun to fly.
Jim Addington
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BillLeff1(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Sun Apr 03, 2011 5:41 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Shutting down and restarting in flight is not a problem. it does buck a lot so it is best to not to due it toop much. When doing it make sure you have a lot of altitude and are near a suitable airport to make a single engine landing if you can't get it started.
When landing single engine do not add extra speed. be on speed 100-115 until landing is assured and then make a normal landing.
Commanders fly so well on one engine I treat single engine operations as an abnormal procedure rather than an emergency. However always keep in mind your engines must be in good running order and density altitude is all important. I am not saying that the aircraft will perform as well on one as on two. I am saying the handling characteristics as very good one engine.
By the way, on the subject of tail dragger flying. I typically can tell in just a few minutes if a pilot has a lot of tail wheel time. Just checking out in a tail dragger will help but it is being proficient is tail draggers that matters. A tail dragger pilot typically instinctively uses the flight controls better because most tail draggers demand it and most importantly directional control with the rudder is instinctive. A good tail dragger pilot just never lets the nose move without doing something about it.
When I was an instructor at TWA the pilots that did best with V1 cuts were mostly tail dragger pilots!
Have fun but don't something dumb!
Bill Leff
In a message dated 4/2/2011 4:32:40 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, adam(at)adamfrisch.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "stratobee" <adam(at)adamfrisch.com>
Thanks Bill.
No, I'm doing the multi in a Seneca and am almost finished now.
That's some good advice about the 520 and the stuff I wanted to hear. How to keep directional control and all that is what the general training and rating is for, but I wanted the specifics of the 520 so that when I simulate an engine failure or even shutdown an engine to get the experience, I would like to be able to restart it and unfeather it. I don't want to find myself in a scenario where I can't unfeather, can't start and have to do a landing on one engine. Good practice, I'm sure, but not something I want to do first thing out.
--------
Adam
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335832#335832
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kitepilot(at)kitepilot.co Guest
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Posted: Sun Apr 03, 2011 6:41 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Taildragger?
Half of the story...
Once they are flying, you can get as lazy as you would in the dumbest Cessna
or Piper.
If you REALLY want to "second nature your feet", get glider time.
As a long time CFI and CFIG, and having 85% of my taildragger time with a
glider on tow (you go down faster than you go up... , NOTHING will teach
you coordination as a long-winged, adverse-yaw advocate, turn-stubborn
glider will.
By the time I got to multiengine, after hundreds of hours towing and
wrestling my feet in gliders, and engine out event was a fairly
muscle-memory familiar event.
YMMV
ET
Cate Chagnot writes:
Quote: |
Adam,
I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to get to Dayton.
Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become automatic.
Cate N4278S N180PK
--------
Cate
N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335835#335835
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tylorhall(at)mac.com Guest
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Posted: Sun Apr 03, 2011 7:17 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Bill,
Thank you for your input on single engine procedures. I have flown with Cate in her 680E, and she is a good stick.
It is looking like I may be involved with another 520 to get it flying again.
Could you go through the shut down procedure on a geared engine Commander? It appears that you do not want to simulate a single engine as we all did to get our multi engine rating by pulling power back to a near Zero thrust condition.
Your post on on April 1 says to pull the mixture to idle cutoff. What next?
I have been warned that the engine starter takes a lot out of it to start the engine again. This is a time where the starter could fail due to high stress?
Bob Hoover did a lot of engine starts in a 500S, but that is with a direct drive engine and unfeathering accumulators.
Tylor Hall
On Apr 3, 2011, at 8:38 AM, kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com wrote:
Quote: |
Taildragger?
Half of the story...
Once they are flying, you can get as lazy as you would in the dumbest Cessna or Piper.
If you REALLY want to "second nature your feet", get glider time.
As a long time CFI and CFIG, and having 85% of my taildragger time with a glider on tow (you go down faster than you go up... , NOTHING will teach you coordination as a long-winged, adverse-yaw advocate, turn-stubborn glider will.
By the time I got to multiengine, after hundreds of hours towing and wrestling my feet in gliders, and engine out event was a fairly muscle-memory familiar event.
YMMV
ET
Cate Chagnot writes:
>
> I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to get to Dayton. Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become automatic. Cate N4278S N180PK --------
> Cate N4278S 680E
> Skywagon N180PK Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335835#335835
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BobsV35B(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Sun Apr 03, 2011 7:44 am Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Good Morning ET,
As a very long time CFI (CFI-A, CFI-G CFI-ME, CFI-R and CFI-I, first CFI rating in 1949) I totally agree with your thoughts.
It is heading awareness and how to get the heading to be what you want that counts.
Remember all the fun we tow pilots have when the trainee is 'boxing' the 'prop' wash?
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
Stearman N3977A
Do Not Archive
In a message dated 4/3/2011 9:41:26 A.M. Central Daylight Time, kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com" <kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com>
Taildragger?
Half of the story...
Once they are flying, you can get as lazy as you would in the dumbest Cessna
or Piper.
If you REALLY want to "second nature your feet", get glider time.
As a long time CFI and CFIG, and having 85% of my taildragger time with a
glider on tow (you go down faster than you go up... , NOTHING will teach
you coordination as a long-winged, adverse-yaw advocate, turn-stubborn
glider will.
By the time I got to multiengine, after hundreds of hours towing and
wrestling my feet in gliders, and engine out event was a fairly
muscle-memory familiar event.
YMMV
ET
Cate Chagnot writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "Cate Chagnot" <cchagnot(at)ultimateair.com>
Adam,
I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to get to Dayton.
Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become automatic.
Cate N4278S N180PK
--------
Cate
N4278S 680E
Skywagon N180PK
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335835#335835
======================== Use the ties Day ================================================ - MATRONICS WEB FORUMS ================================================ - List Contribution Web Site sp; ===================================================
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BillLeff1(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Mon Apr 04, 2011 2:02 pm Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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Hey Tyler, The real issue in simulating single engine in Geared engines is detuning of the counterweights. The best way to simulate single engine is to make a smooth power reduction to a minimum of 13 inches using 2400-2600 rpm normal approach RPM is 2600 not 3000 if you want the engine to last.
Then do the required flying i.e. flying the missed approach. Just chopping an engine does not simulate a typical engine failure anyway. Practice maneuvering in this configuration to get a feel. It is not quite zero thrust but it is close enough.
For landings use this configuration until landing is assured then reduce the power on the good engine and as the throttles become matched reduce both together. Remember do not add extra speed. Fly the numbers. Maintain single engine climb until landing is assured then normal fence speed. There is less drag with one engine feathered so the plane will float. Fortunately a Commander can be just driven on without worrying about wheelbarrowing. The instructor will need to constantly monitor the MP.
The starter is protected by a clutch (assuming it is set correctly. So you can't hurt it making air starts anymore than on the ground.
As far as Bob Hoover is concerned, his Commander,as well as most Commanders , is equipped with un feathering pumps not accumulators. The only Commanders I have seen equipped with Accumulators ere Continental Powered.
In his show he would feather the props at full power cutting the mixture and feathering the props. Then to restart he would put the mixtures forward and when he pushed the prop levers forward which would automatically start the un feathering pumps (his plane was modified for that feature.
The reason, I think, he was able to do this to his engines is the Shrike engine just never get that hot in a climb. So, the cylinders don't crack.
In a message dated 4/3/2011 11:17:35 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, tylorhall(at)mac.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: Tylor Hall <tylorhall(at)mac.com>
Bill,
Thank you for your input on single engine procedures. I have flown with Cate in her 680E, and she is a good stick.
It is looking like I may be involved with another 520 to get it flying again.
Could you go through the shut down procedure on a geared engine Commander? It appears that you do not want to simulate a single engine as we all did to get our multi engine rating by pulling power back to a near Zero thrust condition.
Your post on on April 1 says to pull the mixture to idle cutoff. What next?
I have been warned that the engine starter takes a lot out of it to start the engine again. This is a time where the starter could fail due to high stress?
Bob Hoover did a lot of engine starts in a 500S, but that is with a direct drive engine and unfeathering accumulators.
Tylor Hall
On Apr 3, 2011, at 8:38 AM, kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com wrote:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com" <kitepilot(at)kitepilot.com>
Taildragger?
Half of the story...
Once they are flying, you can get as lazy as you would in the dumbest Cessna or Piper.
If you REALLY want to "second nature your feet", get glider time.
As a long time CFI and CFIG, and having 85% of my taildragger time with a glider on tow (you go down faster than you go up... , NOTHING will teach you coordination as a long-winged, adverse-yaw advocate, turn-stubborn glider will.
By the time I got to multiengine, after hundreds of hours towing and wrestling my feet in gliders, and engine out event was a fairly muscle-memory familiar event.
YMMV
ET
Cate Chagnot writes:
> --> Commander-List message posted by: "Cate Chagnot" <cchagnot(at)ultimateair.com> Adam,
> I know it's a long way to go from California but you won't find anyone better to give you training in your Commander than Bill Leff. He trained me in mine and does my re-current training. Well worth the cost and trouble to get to Dayton. Get some time in a taildragger if you can. It will help you deal with an engine out situation since keeping the nose straight with rudder will become automatic. Cate N4278S N180PK --------
> Cate N4278S 680E
> Skywagon N180PK Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=335835#335835
se the ies ay - MATRONICS WEB FORUMS - List Contribution Web Site p;
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stratobee
Joined: 28 Dec 2010 Posts: 159 Location: Los Angeles
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Posted: Mon Apr 04, 2011 7:28 pm Post subject: Re: Single engine procedures. |
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Bill, or anyone else, please tell us your real word MP numbers and airspeeds on a regular circuit to land (both engines working). Be interesting to hear as when we ferried mine back with the help of JimBob, I didn't play close attention.
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BillLeff1(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Mon Apr 04, 2011 8:04 pm Post subject: Single engine procedures. |
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17 inches and 2600 rpm in the pattern, then plan the approach at 15 inches with gear down and 1/4 flaps. Use flaps to add drag for glide path control landing with full flaps (always). 13 inches minimum until closing throttles at touchdown.
Practice until you can do that. Always inspect props after landing to see if the prop spinner bulkhead slipped making the spinner rub on the prop blades. Ruff mags, or a backfire can cause the slip as well.
Bill
In a message dated 4/4/2011 11:31:12 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, adam(at)adamfrisch.com writes:
Quote: | --> Commander-List message posted by: "stratobee" <adam(at)adamfrisch.com>
Bill, or anyone else, please tell us your real word MP numbers and airspeeds on a regular circuit to land (both engines working). Be interesting to hear as when we ferried mine back with the help of JimBob, I didn't play close attention.
--------
Adam
Read this topic online here:
http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=336129#336129
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