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frankroskind(at)HOTMAIL.C Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 3:23 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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I thnk the reason that the Corvair engine gets so much attention is that it
is a unique conversion. The VW is similar but has much less power, and from
what I understand about most VW conversions, the typical aircraft conversion
gets its power off the end opposite that used to get power in a car. The
Corvair engine is air-cooled, and direct drive, both of which bring welcome
simplicity to a project. I have nothing against any gizmo, but if it isn't
on the plane it can't break. The competing engines to a Corvair are the
Rotax, Jabiru, and some older Lycomings or Continentals which are hard to
find. In general they cost more.
I know there are other conversions out there, including Subaru and Geo, but
the bottom line is that those conversions are extremely complex processes,
and require at a minimum gear boxes and liquid cooling systems. It is no
surprise then that the Corvair conversion gets a lot of attention. Further,
the conversion that gets so much attention is the William Wynne conversion.
His discussions make a fair amount of sense. He posts what I think are
open, relatively unbiased discussions on his website. Certainly Zenith is
interested in his work, and posts a link from their website.
OTOH, there are drawbacks to the Corvair conversion, some of which you have
highlighted.
If there were no drawbacks there would be no reason to discuss the engine.
If there were no advantages there would be no reason to discuss the engine.
We have a lot of discussion, and I think the implication is very clear.
Corvair engines have a lot of advantages and drawbacks.
As to single point failures, there are two issues- first can a single point
failure turn your airplane into a glider, and second, is the failure
graceful, or sudden. All piston engines can fail due to a crankshaft
failure or a fuel line failure, both of which are single point, and which
are common modes to all of the engines suggested for Zeniths. Ignition
system failures with conventional point ignition as suggested by Mr. Wynne
are comparitively rare, and failures without warning are extremely rare.
Dual ignition systems are also subject to extremely rare event single point
failures as well. I don't think these failures are as likely to occur ass
some of the other failures, such as fuel system or crankshaft. It is easier
to reduce the risk of an engine failure by addressing the fuel system and
crank than it is to reduce the risk by focuing on the ignition system. I
would suggest that the bigger issue is crankshaft failure, and the relalted
issue of correctly matching the propellor to the engine.
Reply-To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
4. As to the question about why the Corvair gets so much attention on this
list while the other auto conversions get nary a peep, I think it is the way
the Corvair advocates make every comment a personal insult that leads to so
much hot air. If only the technical issues were discussed as such I think
we would all be happier.
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frankroskind(at)HOTMAIL.C Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 4:32 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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I read a lot of accident reports. I have not done any stats, but it seems
to me that the first major cause of experimental aircraft power failures is
failure of the fuel delivery system (tanks, no fuel, contamination, lines,
pumps etc.), which does not appear to be affected by choice of engine.
Other prominent causes are lubrication failures, misassembly, overheating,
and crankshaft failures related to poor coordination of propeller and
engine. Th last seems to be a big deal for Corvair engines, but that may be
because someone has focused attention on the issue. On the flycorvair
website there is an extensive discussion of the crankshaft issue. OTOH, I
went to a session last year at Oshkosh where the subject was matching prop
to engine, and the focus was on certified engines on experimental aircraft.
On certified engines the failure mode was often a broken propellor caused by
harmonics, which is much more serious than a crankshaft failure because the
engine often departs the airframe. The simple answer was to select a
propeller engine combination that was working on a certified airplane and
adhere to any rpm restrictions, with the alternative answer to use a wooden
prop, because harmonics are not as big an issue with wood, which damps
vibrations. At the Corvair sessions at Oshkosh, William Wynne was careful
to urge weight and extension limitations for props. That seemed like sound
advice. I haven't read many reports of in-flight ignition system failures.
I would focus on geting the fuel system right , building the engine right,
and getting the right prop. It wouldn't hurt to check the fuel on preflight
either.
Reply-To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
I know I am new to the list but this corvair stuff is just dumb. It seems no
one can say the corvair has it's downsides. It has lots of downsides, that's
because it's a car engine. But the reason most who choose it is for the cost
savings. The engine does not have the data to prove it's reliability. Too
few are flying. But I will wager that if you look at the engine failures per
capita against a certified engines, it fails more often. One thing is
clear.....Corvair people come off as rude when defending the choice. That is
what is hurting the engine the most.
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2thesky
Joined: 30 Jun 2006 Posts: 18
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 5:07 am Post subject: Re: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Well, since I haven't even decided on how I want to build my shop, much less which of the few "finalists" I intend to build, an engine choice seems way down the road for me. One thing that I can say about the Zodie XL Corvair is that I LOVE the cowling on the engine. It is, in my opinion, one of, if not, the best looking nose on a plane that I have seen in a long time! I wonder if that engine cowl could be used with some of the other engines?
Do not archive
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_________________ Every takeoff is optional, but every landing is mandatory! |
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frank.hinde(at)hp.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 7:29 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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And what happens if that changeover switch fails?
Frank
HDS soob 400 hours with individual on-off switches for each critical
system
--
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craig(at)craigandjean.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 7:55 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Quote: | > And what happens if that changeover switch fails?
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Roughly the same thing that happens if your mag switch fails. But not
exactly - as I understand it a mag switch grounds a lead to turn off a mag.
IMHO it is less likely that a switch fail and unintentionally grounds a wire
than a switch failing open. So slight edge to a system with a conventional
mag switch.
Anyway there is an easy fix - use two SPST switches instead of a SPDT one.
Each half of the system gets its own switch. Although William doesn't
recommended it there is also nothing that keeps you from running both halves
of the system at the same time.
Bottom line is that any aircraft has potential single points of failure. The
question is what is likely to fail. For example it is possible to add
another plug to the Corvair heads (it has been done). But in the opinion of
some it adds more risk than it removes. It forces you to remove some
critical cooling fins and alters the geometry of the chamber.
-- Craig
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Afterfxllc(at)aol.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 8:14 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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I guess you would point it to the ground and hope you had a heart attack before you got there........... I have been reading these posts for way to long about this subject. I don't care what power plant you are using you WILL have a failure at some point. With that said I would worry a lot more about some dumb thing you had done that causes you problems rather than worrying about a redundant system failing. I am going corvair but I have my concerns about the ignition system so I am going to take extra care when wiring it so I don't think about it every time I go flying (What's the fun in that)? One point no one has brought up is on a corvair you have duel points and duel coils, etc., etc., but what if the distributor shaft itself breaks? I think we understand the dangers in our choices but a lycoming breaks just as anything else would, so I figure as long as the engine stays whole and I don't panic I can get her down safely.
Do not archive
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frank.hinde(at)hp.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 8:38 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Bingo!
Electrical systems do fail...and quite often. This is why on the Soobs
we all (well most of us) do not interconnect the two electrical systems
save for the diode that seperates the two batteries. That way a single
alternator can charge both the batteries but each battery has a fuel
pump and an ignition system all to itself. When you uses individual SPST
switches this effectively isolates electrical single points of failure.
On the Soob dual ign setup the HT leads comes out of each coil and goes
thru the MSD coil joiner (basically two high voltage diodes) and to the
distributor. These have a zero failure rate as far as anyone knows.
You correct in that the Mag "changeover" switch works the other way
round...I still don't like it and on the RV I have individual switches
for this as well. But the idea is the lead can go open circuit and the
engine will continue to run....But why risk a short to ground if you
don't have to.
Anecdotal reliability info says that ignitor chips (electronic
ignition), coils and switches are items that fail more often than
mechanical components so avoiding single points of failure is highly
desirable.
Frank
HDS Soob 400 hours
RV7a...paint
--
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frank.hinde(at)hp.com Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 8:39 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Yup...Minimise the risks, make sure you got hull insurance and pray you get to cash the check!
Frank
HDS soob..>Well not really I sold it
From: owner-zenith-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-zenith-list-server(at)matronics.com] On Behalf Of Afterfxllc(at)aol.com
Sent: Friday, July 07, 2006 9:06 AM
To: zenith-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: Re: Zenith-List: Re: Dynon on Corvair engine
I guess you would point it to the ground and hope you had a heart attack before you got there........... I have been reading these posts for way to long about this subject. I don't care what power plant you are using you WILL have a failure at some point. With that said I would worry a lot more about some dumb thing you had done that causes you problems rather than worrying about a redundant system failing. I am going corvair but I have my concerns about the ignition system so I am going to take extra care when wiring it so I don't think about it every time I go flying (What's the fun in that)? One point no one has brought up is on a corvair you have duel points and duel coils, etc., etc., but what if the distributor shaft itself breaks? I think we understand the dangers in our choices but a lycoming breaks just as anything else would, so I figure as long as the engine stays whole and I don't panic I can get her down safely.
Do not archive
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dredmoody(at)cox.net Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 11:15 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Hey, now can we have a pissing match over Gibson guitars vs. Fender?
Ed Moody II
Do Not Archive
---- Christopher Smith <ch601xl(at)gmail.com> wrote:
Quote: | I really didn't mean to lump all corvair guys into one for I might be one
soon. I'm sure Phil is a nice guy & I hope he will help me on deciding on
what to do about my engine choices. I know there are many smart people on
this list, & that can only be a help to me in the years to come. I will ask
lots of questions, & none of them will be to put down anyone. Thank you for
the response & thank all of you who have written me off list. Your words on
the list are nice to hear. & oh.....crotch rockets all the way!
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John.Hines(at)craftontull Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 11:25 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Gibson vs. Fender? What about Kramer, hammer, Ibanez, G&L, Peavey, &
Yamaha? Are you questioning my choice of playing a Peavey? You must be
an elitist guitar snob!! LOL - Sorry, I couldn't resist!
DO NOT ARCHIVE
John R. Hines
IT Manager
Crafton, Tull & Associates, Inc.
901 N. 47th Street, Suite 200
Rogers, AR 72756
Office: 479-878-2449
Mobile: 479-366-4783
Fax: 479-631-6224
John.Hines(at)craftontull.com
www.craftontull.com
Crafton, Tull & Associates, Inc. exists to anticipate and understand the needs of our clients and provide them with successful solutions.
--
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dredmoody(at)cox.net Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 11:41 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Ah!!! Now that's the list I know. Let the urination commence!
Do Not Archive
---
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jean-paul.roy4(at)tlb.sym Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 6:23 pm Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Peavy,,,,,,,,,waaashhhhhhhh! lollllll
not even good for beginners
J.P.
do not archive
---
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jean-paul.roy4(at)tlb.sym Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 6:23 pm Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Hey Ed, I've got a Telecaster and an old Strat that I just love! Mind you I
gave my old Gibson away but I won't get rid of my Lespaul,,,,,,, just in
case.
J.P.
---
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Afterfxllc(at)AOL.COM Guest
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Posted: Fri Jul 07, 2006 9:02 pm Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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With all due respect.....I just got a call today from our local DAR and guess what??? he asked me to go with him to pick up a RV-7 powered by a o-360 with a rod thru the case. I am not knocking Lycoming here just pointing out that the mags didn't matter much in this case did they? I am getting sick of this discussion that is really going no where fast.
Bottom line is that are the dual points truly redundant NO and the reason is because there is only one shaft that drives the cam to open the points, we know this and accept it but using armor plated wire and having a backup battery and a crawl space to get to the engine in flight wont help you if you have other issues. stop beating a dead horse or trying to convince us of what we are in agreement with already.
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randy(at)shadycreekoutlaw Guest
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mijniljj(at)yahoo.com Guest
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Posted: Sat Jul 08, 2006 3:16 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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I have nevwr heard of a broken distributer shaft.
--- Afterfxllc(at)aol.com wrote:
Quote: | With all due respect.....I just got a call today
from our local DAR and
guess what??? he asked me to go with him to pick up
a RV-7 powered by a o-360
with a rod thru the case. I am not knocking Lycoming
here just pointing out that
the mags didn't matter much in this case did they? I
am getting sick of this
discussion that is really going no where fast.
Bottom line is that are the dual points truly
redundant NO and the reason is
because there is only one shaft that drives the cam
to open the points, we
know this and accept it but using armor plated wire
and having a backup battery
and a crawl space to get to the engine in flight
wont help you if you have
other issues. stop beating a dead horse or trying
to convince us of what we
are in agreement with already.
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dave.thompson(at)verizon. Guest
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Posted: Sat Jul 08, 2006 3:50 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Wow! What happened?
Guys! Guys!
I’m sorry that I started this argument!
First of all, I’m the first to admit that I don’t know much about aircraft. That’s why I am on this list. I don’t even have an airframe yet.
As for the Corvair engine, Yes, that’s what I intend to use. Not a defense, just a fact. Why a Corvair? I had a ’64 Corvair car in High School and the price looked good. As I researched the engine, I became impressed with the research & development that is being done on the Corvair / 601XL combination. I also was impressed with the people doing it. What I learned was that I was personally willing to accept the level of dependability it will provide, which by the way, flight testing has proven to be very high. If I follow the experts’ advice, I can expect to have a powerful and dependable power plant. The lower price allowed me to afford to build the aircraft that all of us here love: A Chris Heintz design.
Don’t get me wrong, Risk management is foremost in my mind. We must ALL decide for our selves our own level of Risk. That’s why I’m not building a wood & fabric plane. It’s not within MY PERSONAL level of risk. It’s also why I didn’t make a third parachute jump back in the 70’s.
My goal is to get in the air. I want to someday have the pride of saying “I built this airplane!” it will also be cool to say “and the engine too!”
As for the other engines, I feel they ALL have their good points and bad points. That’s the glory of homebuilding! We ALL get to CHOOSE what we build, hang up front and stick in the panel. And face it: most of us have to consider the size of out wallets.
I don’t care if you hang a cooling fan motor on some sticks and bed sheets and painted it hot pink. (Let’s not start a debate over colors If you built it yourself, have the nerve to fly your creation and are proud of it, I’m as happy FOR you as you are. I consider you a brother in the quest for the sky.
I joined this group to learn as much as I could. I’ve posted a few questions and answered some too. Thank you all for the great information I have received. Let’s not debate the choices of others or put down other products because they weren’t YOUR choice. Let’s just try to be as helpful and technically accurate as we can.
Now, with that said:
I mentioned the ignition system because it was relevant to the original question; connecting a Dynon to a Corvair. The information that I gave about a Tach possibly shorting out an Ignition system came from William Wynne. He has the most experience with Corvair flight engines. That’s why I plan to follow his advice. Whatever engine you choose, you should seek out the experts and consider their advice. Anyway, if you want to know more about the flight Corvair ignition or anything else about the engine, check out William’s website. www.flycorvair.com. You will get the correct flight tested information. With a quick search I found some statements about tach hookup. Look about half way down for the question entitled: “Tachometer coil pickup”. http://www.flycorvair.com/email1204.html Also check out this link a little past half way down. He shows a picture of the tach pickup on his 601XL. http://www.flycorvair.com/hangar1005.html
After you read the above websites, and you feel that direct connection of a tach is within your comfort zone of reliability, then go for it. It just seems to me that if someone more qualified than me says not to do it, I won’t. If you don’t know the options, you can’t make an educated decision. I think that’s the intent of the original question; to get all the information.
I put a very cheap tach on my mustang when I was in high school. Several months later, it failed, shorted out and disabled the ignition system. I don’t want the same thing to happen to my airplane.
The debate is not coil/points ignition over magneto, that’s a debate for the Engine List. The point is if you use a dual ignition distributor on a Corvair flight engine, the designer has tested and has said to keep the tach completely divorced from the ignition. His research and testing strongly suggests some sort of pickup to count teeth on the starter gear. I read someplace that the MSD inductive pickup for tachometer might work but I haven’t found anyone who has tried it. I am not really qualified to suggest a pickup that would be compatible with the Dynon units. I hope that by the time I get ready for my panel someone has come up with a resolution to the issue.
I hope I didn’t offend anybody or sound too crabby,
Dave Thompson
dave.thompson(at)verizon.net
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engineerguy3737(at)yahoo. Guest
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Posted: Sat Jul 08, 2006 7:34 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Dave,
Any pickup that will output a digital pulse will work
with the Dynon unit. I have spoken with WW a couple of
times and I know his opinion on glass. He makes some
valid points about being able to short to the ignition
etc. But, as an experimenter I find this to be a
challenge that needs to be solved, not given up on
because the expert said so. He became the expert by
experimenting and by working hard.
I will be presenting this challenge to my fellow
engineers on Monday to see what we can come up with to
isolate the tach from the Dynon. I can't promise any
results but I will be pushing the issue since I plan
on having an all Dynon panel in my Corvair powered XL.
(With a few backups of course.)
Again, if you guys are really interested in using a
Dynon, the best way to get support for it is to call
and to e-mail. It currently is not officially
supported because there just isn't a lot of demand for
it. We are willing to help out anyone who wants to
give it a go.
Thanks
Dan Lykowski
Software Engineer
Dynon Avionics
--- Dave Thompson <dave.thompson(at)verizon.net> wrote:
Quote: | Wow! What happened?
Guys! Guys!
I'm sorry that I started this argument!
First of all, I'm the first to admit that I don't
know much about aircraft.
That's why I am on this list. I don't even have an
airframe yet.
As for the Corvair engine, Yes, that's what I intend
to use. Not a defense,
just a fact. Why a Corvair? I had a '64 Corvair car
in High School and the
price looked good. As I researched the engine, I
became impressed with the
research & development that is being done on the
Corvair / 601XL
combination. I also was impressed with the people
doing it. What I learned
was that I was personally willing to accept the
level of dependability it
will provide, which by the way, flight testing has
proven to be very high.
If I follow the experts' advice, I can expect to
have a powerful and
dependable power plant. The lower price allowed me
to afford to build the
aircraft that all of us here love: A Chris Heintz
design.
Don't get me wrong, Risk management is foremost in
my mind. We must ALL
decide for our selves our own level of Risk. That's
why I'm not building a
wood & fabric plane. It's not within MY PERSONAL
level of risk. It's also
why I didn't make a third parachute jump back in the
70's.
My goal is to get in the air. I want to someday have
the pride of saying "I
built this airplane!" it will also be cool to say
"and the engine too!"
As for the other engines, I feel they ALL have their
good points and bad
points. That's the glory of homebuilding! We ALL get
to CHOOSE what we
build, hang up front and stick in the panel. And
face it: most of us have to
consider the size of out wallets.
I don't care if you hang a cooling fan motor on some
sticks and bed sheets
and painted it hot pink. (Let's not start a debate
over colors If you
built it yourself, have the nerve to fly your
creation and are proud of it,
I'm as happy FOR you as you are. I consider you a
brother in the quest for
the sky.
I joined this group to learn as much as I could.
I've posted a few questions
and answered some too. Thank you all for the great
information I have
received. Let's not debate the choices of others or
put down other products
because they weren't YOUR choice. Let's just try to
be as helpful and
technically accurate as we can.
Now, with that said:
I mentioned the ignition system because it was
relevant to the original
question; connecting a Dynon to a Corvair. The
information that I gave about
a Tach possibly shorting out an Ignition system came
from William Wynne. He
has the most experience with Corvair flight engines.
That's why I plan to
follow his advice. Whatever engine you choose, you
should seek out the
experts and consider their advice. Anyway, if you
want to know more about
the flight Corvair ignition or anything else about
the engine, check out
William's website. www.flycorvair.com
<http://www.flycorvair.com/> . You
will get the correct flight tested information. With
a quick search I found
some statements about tach hookup. Look about half
way down for the question
entitled: "Tachometer coil pickup".
http://www.flycorvair.com/email1204.html
Also check out this link a little past half way
down. He shows a picture of
the tach pickup on his 601XL.
http://www.flycorvair.com/hangar1005.html
After you read the above websites, and you feel that
direct connection of a
tach is within your comfort zone of reliability,
then go for it. It just
seems to me that if someone more qualified than me
says not to do it, I
won't. If you don't know the options, you can't
make an educated decision.
I think that's the intent of the original question;
to get all the
information.
I put a very cheap tach on my mustang when I was in
high school. Several
months later, it failed, shorted out and disabled
the ignition system. I
don't want the same thing to happen to my airplane.
The debate is not coil/points ignition over magneto,
that's a debate for the
Engine List. The point is if you use a dual ignition
distributor on a
Corvair flight engine, the designer has tested and
has said to keep the tach
completely divorced from the ignition. His research
and testing strongly
suggests some sort of pickup to count teeth on the
starter gear. I read
someplace that the MSD inductive pickup for
tachometer might work but I
haven't found anyone who has tried it. I am not
really qualified to suggest
a pickup that would be compatible with the Dynon
units. I hope that by the
time I get ready for my panel someone has come up
with a resolution to the
issue.
I hope I didn't offend anybody or sound too crabby,
Dave Thompson
dave.thompson(at)verizon.net
Do not archive
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p.mulwitz(at)worldnet.att Guest
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Posted: Sat Jul 08, 2006 8:44 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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Hi Dan,
I don't know how the Dynon is typically hooked up to ignition parts
to get tachometer function. However, I do know you can get a really
ugly signal by wrapping a few turns of wire around a spark plug wire
to pick up an A/C signal. The real problem from that point is to
condition the signal to be compatible with the Dynon input. This
will probably require an appropriate diode to rectify and clamp the
signal and a simple resistor divider to reduce the voltage. It may
be necessary to add an amplifier (op-amp possibly) to further
condition the signal and make a nice square digital wave form. It
would help to have the Dynon input circuit diagram and any
specification they may have for the input signal.
Since the coupling between the circuit described above and the
ignition is inductive I don't see how it could possible impact the
ignition function. I suppose it could overload it if you draw too
much power from the spark plug wire, but you wouldn't need more than
a tiny amount of the energy in the spark plug wire to make your signal.
This all requires a decent oscilloscope and a little electronics
design knowledge. If you don't properly condition the signal you run
the risk of damaging the Dynon input circuit.
Good luck,
Paul
XL fuselage
Recovering digital circuit designer
At 08:33 AM 7/8/2006, you wrote:
Quote: |
Dave,
Any pickup that will output a digital pulse will work
with the Dynon unit. I have spoken with WW a couple of
times and I know his opinion on glass. He makes some
valid points about being able to short to the ignition
etc. But, as an experimenter I find this to be a
challenge that needs to be solved, not given up on
because the expert said so. He became the expert by
experimenting and by working hard.
I will be presenting this challenge to my fellow
engineers on Monday to see what we can come up with to
isolate the tach from the Dynon. I can't promise any
results but I will be pushing the issue since I plan
on having an all Dynon panel in my Corvair powered XL.
(With a few backups of course.)
Again, if you guys are really interested in using a
Dynon, the best way to get support for it is to call
and to e-mail. It currently is not officially
supported because there just isn't a lot of demand for
it. We are willing to help out anyone who wants to
give it a go.
Thanks
Dan Lykowski
Software Engineer
Dynon Avionics
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paulrod36(at)msn.com Guest
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Posted: Sun Jul 09, 2006 7:42 am Post subject: Dynon on Corvair engine |
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<?xml:namespace prefix="v" /><?xml:namespace prefix="o" /><![endif]--> Paul M, theoretically, you are correct. However, if you run a likelihood/consequence matrix, it could be seen that the likelihood of a catastrophic failure is very slim, somewhere in the four-decimal-points or more. The statistical probability reaches way out there. If you wanted to halve the probability, you could run two completely parallel electrical systems (wouldn't really add that much more weight). It's somewhat analagous to the hypothetical, "You will absolutely die if an elephant falls out of a 747 flying overhead, crashes through your entire house and lands on you at the instant you step out of your basement bomb shelter." I spent a few days with a Master's in the safety field, and one of the first things we learned back in the old days is that safety is the intelligent application of acceptable risks, not the removal or avoidance of all possible risks. Personally, I like WW's setup.
Paul Rodriguez
601XL/Corvair.
DO NOT ARCHIVE
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