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Mogas versus 100LL
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Jim Baker



Joined: 30 Mar 2006
Posts: 181
Location: Sayre, PA

PostPosted: Sun Sep 24, 2006 4:00 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
He still had "pull" at GM and
was running his engine in a test cell to experiment with
some alternatives to 100LL.

Snip

Quote:
there might be a way to
avoid junking 100,000 or so airplanes that needed
that fuel.

May I direct you attention to the following site.....

http://www.gami.com/prism.html

I've seen the system run ( I'm about 30 miles due west of ADA,
OK ) on a TSIO540 which was switched from 100LL under high
load to MOGAS without a tick or falter. We are constrained in so
many ways by the set timing of our magnetos. I can imagine the
intractability of our modern automotive engines if they were
similarly constrained.

You ought to see the PRISM developmental sparkplugs....the ign
harness terminal is offset to one side and the other side has a
connection for a fiber optic pressure transducer. Quite the set-
up. Told one of the guys they'd make money just selling the
accessory plug socket for the wrench.

Jim Baker
580.788.2779
Elmore City, OK


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rparigor(at)SUFFOLK.LIB.N
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PostPosted: Sun Sep 24, 2006 4:53 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

All this talk about cause and effect of detonation.

I am going to make an attempt to "Not go there" by the use of a orderly
flow of electrons.

My Rotax 914 turbo has a ARM1 fuel Ratio Meter installed.

http://www.splitsec.com/
Click Products
Click Air/fuel Ratio Meters
ARM1

It is driven by a O2 sensor screwed into a stainless steel bung welded
just downstream of the turbo.

When you are creating a good percentage of motors potential BTUs, you want
mixture rich of 14.7

The TCU besides controlling the wastegate, controls a solenoid that
enrich-ens the mixture when boosting over 108% power.

If the solenoid is not working perfect, there is a leak in the intake, one
or both of the carbs are not doing their job it can net a mixture a bit
too lean. I am anticipating the ARM to be a nice tool, along with a CHT on
each side of motor, and EGT on each side of motor.

I will taint the mixture just a tad rich, main jets and jet needles, and
lean just a bit to my liking. I am going to lean by introducing a
controlled leak between carb float bowl and intake manifold downstream of
the carbs.

In addition if I see things running too lean (when not leaning) because of
the distinct possibility of motorcycle type causes (carb snot, plugged
jet, leaking manifold, leaking critical hoses to fuel pressure regulator
of float bowl) I am incorporating an emergency rich button that will allow
me to activate the enrichment solenoid, reduce power and hopeful get
things in order and "Not go there" (detonation), instead of getting to
your destination probably OK, but having caused damage to your motor.

I will use primary MoGas, but the O2 sensor gives plenty of warning when
and if lead is degrading its range. I expect use in a 100% 100LL
environment, my dart throw is min of 75 hours, probably longer if using
TCP or alternative. O2 sensors will quickly loose their ability to very
fast sense 14.7 which would be detrimental if it was controlling mixture,
but a second or 2 lag for monitor is not a problem. As long as range on
power up is had, should be good to go.

I know some have said that you can only expect from a O2 sensor 14.7 and
anything else is only window dressing, but after talking to Split second,
they spent a reasonable amount of time mapping the EG01 sensor, and say
their monitor will show lean and rich of 14.7.

Anyway glance ARM1, if too much left, do something.

Will let you know how it all works out.

Ron Parigoris


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George W Braly



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 15

PostPosted: Mon Sep 25, 2006 5:04 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
> It's been an interesting thread . . . but never did see
any words that were trading off the features of Mogas

vs. 100LL . . . I WAS interested because I don't understand
how or why they would be compared to each other.<<

Bob,

30% of the AVGAS is burned in 70% of the fleet aircraft.
70% of the AVGAS is burned in 30% of the fleet aircraft.

The 30% of the fleet aircraft that burns 70% of the AVGAS use engines
that REQUIRE a fuel with the octane characteristics of Avgas.

If you want to fly higher than about 6000 feet, 100% of the fleet
requires fuel with the vapor pressure characteristics of Avgas.

The vapor pressure issues are almost universally overlooked.

Going back to octane issues, consider that 91 (R+M)/2 premium car gas
has a Motor Octane Number ( the "M" in the R +M equation) of about
87-88.

UNLEADED refinery builds of otherwise conforming AVGAS have a MON of
about 92 to 95.

There is a HUGE difference in an 88 MON gasoline and a 92 MON gasoline
in terms of how much horsepower one can obtain out of the engine before
the onset of detonation.

It is important to keep in mind that virtually all major advances in
aviation have revolved around improvements in the power to weight ratio
of the power plant along with improvements in the brake specific fuel
consumption.

The use of 88MON gasoline in an engine that requires 92 to 95 MON
gasoline will cause the power to weight ratio to have to change by about
30% in the wrong direction. And it gets worse if you think of 100
octane fuels.

But just the change from 92-95 MON back to 88 MON gasoline effectively
undoes all of the advances in aircraft piston engines going back to
about 1935.

Into the future, there is normally only going to be one gasoline
storage tank at the typical airport used by general aviation. It needs
to contain a fuel that will run ALL of the engines.

Regards, George

PS. Let's leave no engine on the ground!


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PostPosted: Mon Sep 25, 2006 5:29 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

And let me add that after attending the Advanced Pilot Seminar last weekend and actually seeing exactly how MOGAS affects our current engines (watching the real time data of an engine running it), I'm dropping any inclination of using that stuff in any real aviation engine. Regardless of how many tankfuls one may have run through their engine, and how well it has performed, we're just not ready to think that MOGAS is better. In time, when our engine systems become smarter, I'll welcome its use and hope they change the smell of it.
Al


On 09/25/2006 8:02:37 PM, George Braly (gwbraly(at)gami.com (gwbraly(at)gami.com)) wrote:
[quote] --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "George Braly" <gwbraly(at)gami ([email]gwbraly(at)gami[/email]).
com>



>>
It's been an interesting thread . . . but never did see
any words that were trading off the features of Mogas
vs. 100LL . . . I WAS interested because I don't
understand
how or why they would be compared to each other.<<

Bob,

30% of the AVGAS is burned in 70% of the fleet aircraft.
70% of the AVGAS is burned in 30% of the fleet aircraft.

The 30% of the fleet aircraft that burns 70% of the AVGAS use engines
that REQUIRE a fuel with the octane characteristics of Avgas.

If you want to fly higher than about 6000 feet, 100% of the fleet
requires fuel with the vapor pressure characteristics of Avgas.

The vapor pressure issues are almost universally overlooked.

Going back to octane issues, consider that 91 (R+M)/2 premium car gas
has a Motor Octane Number ( the "M" in the R +M equation) of about
87-88.

UNLEADED refinery builds of otherwise conforming AVGAS have a MON of
about 92 to 95.

There is a HUGE difference in an 88 MON gasoline and a 92 MON gasoline
in [quote][b]


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 7:08 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

At 08:02 PM 9/25/2006 -0500, you wrote:

Quote:


>> It's been an interesting thread . . . but never did see
any words that were trading off the features of Mogas
vs. 100LL . . . I WAS interested because I don't understand
how or why they would be compared to each other.<<

Bob,

30% of the AVGAS is burned in 70% of the fleet aircraft.
70% of the AVGAS is burned in 30% of the fleet aircraft.

The 30% of the fleet aircraft that burns 70% of the AVGAS use engines
that REQUIRE a fuel with the octane characteristics of Avgas.

If you want to fly higher than about 6000 feet, 100% of the fleet
requires fuel with the vapor pressure characteristics of Avgas.

Not sure I understand the above . . . but yes, Mogas can't
be dropped into many airplanes without a new plan and it
may well be that no new plans are possible for some
airplanes.

If it were easy, everyone would be doing it. Since it's not
easy (and perhaps not cost-attractive compared to what's
available/popular now) a paradigm shift will be needed to
keep many of the current fleet flying at a cost the owners
are willing to pay.

The fuel will be different, the fuel system will be different
and there may be operating limitations. But one thing is sure:
how we THINK the magic bullet(s) are shaping up today is probably
wrong.

Bob . . .


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 7:12 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

At 08:28 PM 9/25/2006 -0500, you wrote:

Quote:
And let me add that after attending the Advanced Pilot Seminar last
weekend and actually seeing exactly how MOGAS affects our current engines
(watching the real time data of an engine running it), I'm dropping any
inclination of using that stuff in any real aviation engine. Regardless
of how many tankfuls one may have run through their engine, and how well
it has performed, we're just not ready to think that MOGAS is better. In
time, when our engine systems become smarter, I'll welcome its use and
hope they change the smell of it.
Al


Ominous words my friend but not very enlightening. I don't
think anyone has said that mogas is "better" . . . it would be
just super-cool with most owners if we could buy AV80 a the
FBO pump. The philosophy of current mogas usage suggests it's
an acceptable substitute for some situations demonstrated by
no small amount of research, flight testing and field history.

Can you share any downside data you've been made aware of?

Bob . . .
---------------------------------------------------------
< What is so wonderful about scientific truth...is that >
< the authority which determines whether there can be >
< debate or not does not reside in some fraternity of >
< scientists; nor is it divine. The authority rests >
< with experiment. >
< --Lawrence M. Krauss >
---------------------------------------------------------


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Jim Baker



Joined: 30 Mar 2006
Posts: 181
Location: Sayre, PA

PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 7:27 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
Not sure I understand the above . . . but yes, Mogas can't
be dropped into many airplanes without a new plan and it
may well be that no new plans are possible for some
airplanes.

True. That's why you'll see that some engines are capable but
the airframe is the limiting factor (fuel system design, line
routings, etc). Most MOGAS STCs address not just the engine
but the system as well.

http://www.eaa.org/education/fuel/autogas_vs_avgas.pdf

Now if you're an OBAM, do as you will.

Quote:
The fuel will be different, the fuel system will be different
and there may be operating limitations. But one thing is sure:
how we THINK the magic bullet(s) are shaping up today is probably
wrong.

There is no inherent difficulty in running an aircraft engine on
MOGAS if the system can be instrumented, monitored, and
adjusted to follow the fuel's inherent characteristics. Cars do it all
the time (yeah, prunes and pears) with lean burn, altitude and
load adjustments. It can be done.
Jim Baker
580.788.2779
Elmore City, OK


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 9:50 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
ready to think that MOGAS is better. In time, when our engine systems become smarter, I'll welcome its use and hope they change the smell of it.
By the way, why do you call MOGAS to the gasoline for cars?

Regards
Carlos
[quote][b]


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George W Braly



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 15

PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 10:33 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
Bob,

30% of the AVGAS is burned in 70% of the fleet aircraft.
70% of the AVGAS is burned in 30% of the fleet aircraft.

The 30% of the fleet aircraft that burns 70% of the AVGAS use engines
that REQUIRE a fuel with the octane characteristics of Avgas.

If you want to fly higher than about 6000 feet, 100% of the fleet
requires fuel with the vapor pressure characteristics of Avgas.

Not sure I understand the above . . . but yes, Mogas can't
be dropped into many airplanes without a new plan and it
may well be that no new plans are possible for some
airplanes.

***********************

Bob,

One of the largely unappreciated but very REAL issues involving MOGAS is
the vapor pressure issue.

This gets to be a real problem even with AVGAS during hot weather.

It is a much worse problem with MOGAS - - unacceptable, frankly.

It is one thing to get away with using MOGAS in the winter - - and very
much different to try to do that in Prescott, Az in the summer.

If we can find technology that allows us to eliminate the TEL in fuel -
- we will still need a "special" fuel for piston engines due to the
vapor pressure issue.

It will be cheaper to distribute because it will not require the
dedicated trucks and facilities that leaded fuel requires. But it will
still be a special fuel - - and not car gas.

Regards, George


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 10:50 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

It is an idiomatic use of English (that probably won’t translate to Portuguese).
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
AViation GAS is contracted to AVGAS and MOtor GAS becomes MOGAS. In English we probably use the word MOTOR in this contraction instead of AUTOMOBILE or AUTO, and GAS rather than FUEL, simply because it sounds better to say MOGAS rather than MOFUEL and there is one less syllable than AUTOFUEL. We also would rather be consistent and call both gas instead of calling one gas and the other fuel.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
As is typical for spoken English, we say MOGAS only when referring to the fuel when it is used in an aircraft engine. When we use it in a car it is just plain gas.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
AUTOTEXTLIST \s "E-mail Signature" <![endif]-->Best regards,
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
Rob Housman
A070
Airframe complete
Irvine, CA
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
<![endif]-->DO NOT ARCHIVE
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com]On Behalf Of Carlos Trigo
Sent: Tuesday, September 26, 2006 10:46 AM
To: aeroelectric-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: Re: Mogas versus 100LL
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>

ready to think that MOGAS is better. In time, when our engine systems become smarter, I'll welcome its use and hope they change the smell of it.

By the way, why do you call MOGAS to the gasoline for cars?

Regards
Carlos [quote]<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]> - The AeroElectric-List Email Forum - -->   - NEW MATRONICS WEB FORUMS - -->   - NEW MATRONICS LIST WIKI - -->   - List Contribution Web Site - Thank you for your generous support!     -Matt Dralle, List Admin. --> <![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>[b]


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sales(at)6440autoparts.co
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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 11:18 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

I suppose it would'nt need an STC if it we're an experimental
aircraft.

Randy

---


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 11:50 am    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Bob,

One of the largely unappreciated but very REAL issues involving MOGAS is
the vapor pressure issue.

This gets to be a real problem even with AVGAS during hot weather.

It is a much worse problem with MOGAS - - unacceptable, frankly.

It is one thing to get away with using MOGAS in the winter - - and very
much different to try to do that in Prescott, Az in the summer.

If we can find technology that allows us to eliminate the TEL in fuel -
- we will still need a "special" fuel for piston engines due to the
vapor pressure issue.

It will be cheaper to distribute because it will not require the
dedicated trucks and facilities that leaded fuel requires. But it will
still be a special fuel - - and not car gas.

Regards, George

_Nope I can't agree with that George.

It does not need to be a special fuel, much easier to design a fuel
system that is modified to not be the appaling vapour lock risk that it
currently is.

To explain...The FAA hate anything electrical...With some good
reason...I.e things electrical used to be unreliable...But look at
modern day autos....They all use electric pumps. So they must be
reliable. Trouble is the very worse place you can put a fuel pump is
bolted to the back of a hot engine sucking a long way from the tank thru
some restictions to gurantee your early death.

The reason the auto manufacturers use electric pumps is they can put
them in the "hydraulically correct" place...Which is both the coolest
place and the place that avoids sucking on the fuel...I.e INSIDE the
fuel tank...OK, some are right next to the tank.

My RV has an electric pump in each wingroot for that very reason...I
gurantee it will never vapour lock unless I fly to more than 20,000
feet...Unlikely.

The only real problem with an electric pump is what happens when you get
struck by lightening?

For this reason you can use the mechanical pump as the backup...I would
agree its hardly ideal though.

Frank


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 12:02 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

So Frank are you still getting 6.7 gph running lop ?

Randy

---


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 12:39 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

I tried it on Sunday morning briefly and yes 6.7GPH at about 135 to 140
knots IAS is what I saw...runnig 2300rpm and 22"MP...i think?

I have done very little LOP because I don't have my injection system
balanced yet and I'm still running hard for break in...I.e running 75 to
85% power which means 100F ROP...Actually a bit more cus I go over 400F
CHT on my #4 cylinder.

That needs to be worked on...>Still running 100LL for now.

Frank

--


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 2:40 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Thanks Rob
for your crystal clear explanation!

So, every MOGAS is unleaded fuel, right?
Hence the vapor pressure problem, is it?
Can I conclude that all we need is to find an additive other than lead, to have the ideal aviation fuel?

Carlos

[quote] ---


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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 3:37 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

auto MO bile GAS

On 09/26/2006 12:46:24 PM, Carlos Trigo (trigo(at)mail.telepac.pt (trigo(at)mail.telepac.pt)) wrote:
Quote:
ready to think that MOGAS is better. In time, when our engine systems
become smarter, I'll welcome its use and hope they change the smell of it.
By the way, why do you call MOGAS to the gasoline for cars?

Regards
Carlos

Do not archive
[quote][b]


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robh(at)hyperion-ef.us
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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 4:48 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

That works for me.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
AUTOTEXTLIST \s "E-mail Signature" <![endif]-->Best regards,
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
Rob Housman
A070
Airframe complete
Irvine, CA
<![endif]--><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com]On Behalf Of A DeMarzo
Sent: Tuesday, September 26, 2006 4:35 PM
To: aeroelectric-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List: Re: Mogas versus 100LL
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
auto MO bile GAS

On 09/26/2006 12:46:24 PM, Carlos Trigo (trigo(at)mail.telepac.pt (trigo(at)mail.telepac.pt)) wrote:
> ready to think that MOGAS is better. In time, when our engine systems
> become smarter, I'll welcome its use and hope they change the smell of it.
> By the way, why do you call MOGAS to the gasoline for cars?
>
> Regards
> Carlos
Do not archive [quote]<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]> - The AeroElectric-List Email Forum - -->   - NEW MATRONICS WEB FORUMS - -->  - NEW MATRONICS LIST WIKI - -->   - List Contribution Web Site - Thank you for your generous support!     -Matt Dralle, List Admin. --> <![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>[b]


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nuckollsr(at)cox.net
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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 5:19 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

At 11:35 PM 9/26/2006 +0100, you wrote:

Quote:
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word">
Thanks Rob
for your crystal clear explanation!

So, every MOGAS is unleaded fuel, right?
Hence the vapor pressure problem, is it?
Can I conclude that all we need is to find an additive other than lead, to
have the ideal aviation fuel?

It isn't the TEL (tetraethyl lead) that controls vapor pressure
but the ingredients in the mix of hydrocarbons used to make up
the fuel. It's analogous to evaporation rates. Blow a breeze
over hands wet with water produces a cooling effect that ultimately
dries the hands. Blow the same breeze over hands wet with alcohol
and the cooling effects are stronger, the drying rate faster. Alcohol
has a much higher vapor pressure than water.

Bob . . .


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nuckollsr(at)cox.net
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PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 5:36 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

At 02:46 PM 9/26/2006 -0500, you wrote:

Quote:

<frank.hinde(at)hp.com>


Bob,

One of the largely unappreciated but very REAL issues involving MOGAS is
the vapor pressure issue.

This gets to be a real problem even with AVGAS during hot weather.

It is a much worse problem with MOGAS - - unacceptable, frankly.

It is one thing to get away with using MOGAS in the winter - - and very
much different to try to do that in Prescott, Az in the summer.

If we can find technology that allows us to eliminate the TEL in fuel -
- we will still need a "special" fuel for piston engines due to the
vapor pressure issue.

It will be cheaper to distribute because it will not require the
dedicated trucks and facilities that leaded fuel requires. But it will
still be a special fuel - - and not car gas.

Regards, George

_Nope I can't agree with that George.

It does not need to be a special fuel, much easier to design a fuel
system that is modified to not be the appaling vapour lock risk that it
currently is.

To explain...The FAA hate anything electrical...With some good
reason...I.e things electrical used to be unreliable...But look at
modern day autos....They all use electric pumps. So they must be
reliable. Trouble is the very worse place you can put a fuel pump is
bolted to the back of a hot engine sucking a long way from the tank thru
some restictions to gurantee your early death.

The reason the auto manufacturers use electric pumps is they can put
them in the "hydraulically correct" place...Which is both the coolest
place and the place that avoids sucking on the fuel...I.e INSIDE the
fuel tank...OK, some are right next to the tank.

My RV has an electric pump in each wingroot for that very reason...I
gurantee it will never vapour lock unless I fly to more than 20,000
feet...Unlikely.

The only real problem with an electric pump is what happens when you get
struck by lightening?

For this reason you can use the mechanical pump as the backup...I would
agree its hardly ideal though.

Which goes directly to the statements I offered earlier. There's
an obvious need to discover and understand limits to what ever
fuel is proposed and then craft a system that overcomes those
limits. Having the fuel delivery system pressurized from tank
to injectors is one solution that comes to mind for overcoming
the vapor lock issues. No doubt other problems will arise too.
For 99.9% of us, we'll have to wait until someone in the 0.1%
(that were too dumb to know it couldn't be done) will offer the
next greatest thing. We'll all have the choice of trying to adapt
to the new order . . . or sit in our airplanes with dry tanks
waiting for someone to drive by with some 100LL.

The big picture for this discussion isn't whether MOGAS in its
present form is or will ever be the replacement for 100LL. The
big picture shows what systems can be crafted to accommodate
the least expensive and most environmentally friendly fuel for
acquisition and operating costs we're willing to pay. The
fuel MIGHT be MOGAS, it might not. The airplane WILL be
different in significant ways. If we're lucky, the technology
will be suitable to retrofit older machines lest they ALL be
relegated to museums or recycled for beer cans.

Bob . . .


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George W Braly



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 15

PostPosted: Tue Sep 26, 2006 6:04 pm    Post subject: Mogas versus 100LL Reply with quote

Quote:
>_Nope I can't agree with that George.

It does not need to be a special fuel, much easier to design a fuel
system that is modified to not be the appaling vapour lock risk that it
currently is.<<
In an ideal world in which the 90% of the general aviation fleet that is
already flying were able to have their entire fuel system including the
wet wing fuel tanks re-designed - - then your disagreement with the
problem and issues that we are discussing would, in my opinion, be well
founded.

But the reality is that the "fuel problem" is not a problem whose
solution is going to be decided by the experimental community's desires.

The reality is that a solution to the "lead in the fuel" issue will need
to be resolved in a manner that is consistent with, among others, the
following considerations:

1) It will leave no engine in common use "on the ground";
2) It will not require major redesign of aircraft fuel, electrical, or
plumbing systems;
3) It will not require that any engines be "de-rated" due to lower
octane;
4) It will not require re-certification of whole groups of aircraft or
restrict them to benign environmental conditions (ie, you can still
takeoff from Bullhead City, Az, in August.)

The concept of using "in tank" electric boost pumps (however desirable
and however good an idea that may be) is inconsistent with 2, above.

Regards, George


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